Bermuda Consolidated Legislation

BERMUDA
1902 : 10

PARTNERSHIP ACT 1902

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

Nature of partnership

1 Definition of partnership

2 Rules for determining ex istence of partnership

3 Insolvency; postponement of rights

4 Meaning of firm and firm-name

Relations of partners to persons dealing with them

5 Power of partner to bind firm

6 Partners are bound by acts of firm

7 Partner using credit of firm for private purposes

8 Effect of notice that firm will not be bound by acts of partners

9 Liability of partners

10 Liability of firm for wrongful act of partner

11 Misapplication of money or property received for or in custody of firm

12 Liability for wrongs joint and several

13 Improper employment of trust-property for partner ship purposes

14 Persons liable for holding out as partners

15 Admissions and repre sentations of partners

16 Notice to acting partners to be notice to the firm

17 Liabilities of incoming and outgoing partners

18 Revocation of continuing guaranty by change in firm

Relations of partners to one an other

19 Variation by consent of terms of partnership

20 Partnership property

21 Property bought with partnership money

22 Conversion into personal estate of land held as partnership property

23 Procedure against part nership property for a partner's separate judg ment debts

24 Rules as to interests and duties of partners (subject to special agreement)

25 Power to expel partner

26 Retirement from partner ship at will

27 Where partnership for term is continued over, continuance on old terms presumed

28 Duty of partners to render accounts

29 Duty of partners to ac count for private profits

30 Duty of partner not to compete with firm

31 Rights of assignee of share in partnership

32 Dissolution by expiration of notice

33 Dissolution by bankruptcy, death or charge

34 Dissolution by illegality of partnership

35 Dissolution by Supreme Court

36 Rights of persons dealing with firm against apparent members of firm

37 Rights of partners to no tify dissolution

38 Continuing authority of partners for purposes of winding up

39 Rights of partners as to application of partnership property on dissolution

40 Appropriation of premium where partnership pre maturely dissolved

41 Right where partnership dissolved for fraud or mis representation

42 Right of outgoing partner in certain cases to share profits made after disso lution

43 Retiring or deceased part ner's share to be a debt

44 Rules for distribution of assets on final settlement of accounts

Miscellaneous provisions

45 Definition of "business"

46 Saving for rules of equity and common law

47 Supreme Court may make rules or orders

48 Commencement [omitted]

[24 June 1902]

[preamble and words of enactment omitted]

Nature of partnership

Definition of partnership

1 (1) Partnership is the relation which subsists between persons carrying on a business in common with a view of profit.

(2) Notwithstanding anything in subsection (1), it is hereby de clared that the relation between members of any company or associa tion—

(a) which is registered under any Act of the Legislature of Bermuda which is hereafter passed for the incorporation and regulation of joint stock companies, or any other Act of the Legislature of Bermuda, or any Act of the Parlia ment of the United Kingdom for the time being in force in Bermuda relating to the registration of joint stock companies; or

(b) which is formed or incorporated by or in pursuance of any other Act of the Legislature of Bermuda, or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom or letters patent, or Royal Charter,

is not a partnership within the meaning of this Act.

Rules for determining existence of partnership

2 In determining whether a partnership does or does not exist, re gard should be had to the following rules—

(a) joint tenancy, tenancy in common, joint property, com mon property, or part ownership does not of itself create a partnership as to anything so held or owned, whether the tenants or owners do or do not share any profits made by the use thereof;

(b) the sharing of gross returns does not of itself create a partnership, whether the persons sharing such returns have or have not a joint or common right or interest in any property from which or from the use of which the returns are derived;

(c) the receipt by a person of a share of the profits of a business is prima facie evidence that he is partner in the business, but the receipt of such a share, or of a pay ment contingent on or varying with the profits of a busi ness, does not of itself make him a partner in the busi ness; and in particular—

(i) the receipt by a person of a debt or other liqui dated amount by instalments or otherwise out of the accruing profits of a business does not of it self make him a partner in the business or liable as such;

(ii) a contract for the remuneration of a servant or agent of a person engaged in a business by a share of the profits of the business does not of itself make the servant or agent a partner in the business or liable as such;

(iii) a person being the widow or child of a deceased partner, and receiving by way of annuity a por tion of the profits made in the business in which the deceased person was a partner, is not by reason only of such receipt a partner in the business or liable as such;

(iv) the advance of money by way of loan to a person engaged or about to engage in any business on a contract with that person that the lender shall receive a rate of interest varying with the profits, or shall receive a share of the profits arising from carrying on the business, does not of itself make the lender a partner with the person or persons carrying on the business or liable as such:

Provided that the contract is in writing, and signed by or on behalf of all the parties thereto;

(v) a person receiving by way of annuity or other wise a portion of the profits of a business in consideration of the sale by him of the goodwill of the business is not by reason only of such re ceipt a partner in the business or liable as such.

Insolvency; postponement of rights

3 In the event of any person to whom money has been advanced by way of loan upon such a contract as is mentioned in section 2, or of any buyer of a goodwill in consideration of a share of the profits of the busi ness, being adjudged a bankrupt, entering into an agreement to pay his creditors less than one hundred cents in the dollar, or dying in insolvent circumstances, then the lender of the loan shall not be entitled to recover anything in respect of his loan, and the seller of the goodwill shall not be entitled to recover anything in respect of the share of profits contracted for, until the claims of the other creditors of the borrower or buyer for valuable consideration in money or money's worth have been satisfied.

Meaning of firm and firm-name

4 Persons who have entered into partnership with one another are for the purposes of this Act called collectively a firm, and the name under which their business is carried on is called the firm-name.

Relations of partners to persons dealing with them

Power of partner to bind firm

5 Every partner is an agent of the firm and of his other partners for the purpose of the business of the partnership; and the acts of every partner who does any act for carrying on in the usual way business of the kind carried on by the firm for which he is a member bind the firm and his partners, unless the partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the firm in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing either knows that he has no authority, or does not know or be lieve him to be a partner.

Partners are bound by acts of firm

6 An act or instrument relating to the business of the firm and done or executed in the firm-name or in any other manner showing an intention to bind the firm, by any person thereto authorized, whether a partner or not, is binding on the firm and all the partners:

Provided that this section shall not affect any general rule of law relating to the execution of deeds or negotiable instruments.

Partner using credit of firm for private purposes

7 Where one partner pledges the credit of the firm for a purpose apparently not connected with the firm's ordinary course of business, the firm is not bound unless he is in fact specially authorized by the other partners:

Provided that this section shall not affect any personal liability incurred by an individual partner.

Effect of notice that firm will not be bound by acts of partners

8 If it has been agreed between the partners that any restriction shall be placed on the power of any one or more of them to bind the firm, no act done in contravention of the agreement is binding on the firm with respect to persons having notice of the agreement.

Liability of partners

9 Every partner in a firm is liable jointly with the other partners for all debts and obligations of the firm incurred while he is a partner; and after his death his estate is also severally liable in a due course of ad ministration for such debts and obligations, so far as they remain un satisfied, but subject to the prior payment of his separate debts.

Liability of firm for wrongful act of partner

10 Where, by any wrongful act or omission of any partner acting in the ordinary course of the business of the firm, or with the authority of his co-partners, loss or injury is caused to any person not being a part ner in the firm , or any penalty is incurred, the firm is liable therefor to the same extent as the partner so acting or omitting to act.

Misapplication of money or property received for or in custody of firm

11 In the following cases—

(a) where one partner acting within the scope of his appar ent authority receives the money or property of a third person and misapplies it; and

(b) where a firm in the course of its business receives money or property of a third person, and the money or property so received is misapplied by one or more of the partners while it is in the custody of the firm;

the firm is liable to make good the loss.

Liability for wrongs joint and several

12 Every partner is liable jointly with his co-partners and also sev erally for everything for which the firm while he is a partner therein be-
comes liable under either of sections 10 or 11.

Improper employment of trust- property for partnership purposes

13 If a partner, being a trustee, improperly employs trust property in the business or on the account of the partnership, no other partner is liable for the trust-property to the persons beneficially interested therein:

Provided that—

(a) this section shall not affect any liability incurred by any partner by reason of his having notice of a breach of trust; and

(b) nothing in this section shall prevent trust-money from being followed and recovered from the firm if still in its possession or under its control.

Persons liable for holding out as partners

14 Every one who by words spoken or written or by conduct repre sents himself, or who knowingly suffers himself to be represented, as a partner in a particular firm, is liable as a partner to any one who has on the faith of any such representation given credit to the firm, whether the representation has or has not been made or communicated to the person so giving credit by or with the knowledge of the apparent partner making the representation or suffering it to be made:

Provided that where after a partner's death the partnership business is continued in the old firm-name, the continued use of that name or of the deceased partner's name as part thereof shall not of itself make his executor's or administrator's estate or effects liable for partner ship debts contracted after his death.

Admissions and representations of partners

15 An admission or representation made by any partner concerning the partnership affairs, and in the ordinary course of its business, is evi dence against the firm.

Notice to acting partners to be notice to the firm

16 Notice to any partner who habitually acts in the partnership business of any matter relating to partnership affairs operates as notice to the firm, except in the case of a fraud on the firm committed by or with the consent of that partner.

Liabilities of incoming and outgoing partners

17 (1) A person who is admitted as a partner into an existing firm does not thereby become liable to the creditors of the firm for anything done before he became a partner.

(2) A partner who retires from a firm does not thereby cease to be liable for partnership debts or obligations incurred before his retire ment.

(3) A retiring partner may be discharged from any existing lia bilities by an agreement to that effect between himself and the members of the firm as newly constituted and the creditors, and this agreement may be either express or inferred as a fact from the course of dealing between the creditors and the firm as newly constituted.

Revocation of continuing guaranty by change in firm

18 A continuing guaranty or cautionary obligation given either to a firm or to a third person in respect of the transactions of a firm is, in the absence of agreement to the contrary, revoked as to future transactions by any change in the constitution of the firm to which, or of the firm in respect of the transactions of which, the guaranty or obligation was given.

Relations of partners to one another

Variation by consent of terms of partnership

19 The mutual rights and duties of partners, whether ascertained by agreement or defined by this Act, may be varied by the consent of all the partners, and such consent may be either express or inferred from a course of dealing.

Partnership property

20 (1) All property and rights and interests in property originally brought into the partnership stock or acquired, whether by purchase or otherwise, on account of the firm, or for the purposes and in the course of the partnership business, are called in this Act partnership property, and must be held and applied by the partners exclusively for the pur poses of the partnership and in accordance with the partnership agree ment:

Provided that the legal estate or interest in any land which be longs to the partnership shall devolve according to the nature and tenure thereof, and the general rules of law thereto applicable, but in trust, so far as necessary, for the persons beneficially interested in the land under this section.

(2) Where co-owners of an estate or interest in any land, not being itself partnership property, are partners as to profits made by the use of that land or estate, and purchase other land or estate out of the profits to be used in like manner, the land or estate so purchased be longs to them, in the absence of an agreement to the contrary, not as partners but as co-owners for the same respective estates and interests as are held by them in the land or estate first mentioned at the date of the purchase.

Property bought with partnership money

21 Unless the contrary intention appears, property bought with money belonging to the firm is deemed to have been bought on account of the firm.

Conversion into personal estate of land held as partnership property

22 Where land has become partnership property, it shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be treated as between the partners (including the representatives of a deceased partner), and also as between the heirs of a deceased partner and his executors or administrators, as personal and not real estate.

Procedure against partnership property for a partner's separate judgment debts

23 (1) A writ of execution shall not issue against any partnership property except on a judgment against the firm.

(2) The Supreme Court may, on the application by petition of any judgment creditor of a partner, make an order charging that part ner's interest in the partnership property and profits with payment of the amount of the judgment debt and interest thereon, and may by the same or a subsequent order appoint a receiver of that partner's share of profits (whether already declared or accruing), and of any other money which may be coming to him in respect of the partnership, and direct all ac counts and inquiries, and give all other orders and directions which might have been directed or given if the charge had been made in favour of the judgment creditor by the partner, or which the circumstances of the case may require.

(3) The other partner or partners shall be at liberty at any time to redeem the interest charged, or, in case of a sale being directed, to purchase the same.

Rules as to interests and duties of partners (subject to special agreement)

24 The interest of partners in the partnership property and their rights and duties in relation to the partnership shall be determined, subject to any agreement express or implied between the partners, by the following rules—

(a) all the partners are entitled to share equally in the capi tal and profits of the business, and must contribute equally towards the losses whether of capital or other wise sustained by the firm;

(b) the firm must indemnify every partner in respect of payments made and personal liabilities incurred by him—

(i) in the ordinary and proper conduct of the busi ness of the firm; or

(ii) in or about anything necessarily done for the preservation of the business or property of the firm;

(c) a partner making, for the purpose of the partnership, any actual payment or advance beyond the amount of capital which he has agreed to subscribe, is entitled to interest at the rate of five per cent. per annum from the date of the payment or advance;

(d) a partner is not entitled, before the ascertainment of profits, to interest on the capital subscribed by him;

(e) every partner may take part in the management of the partnership business;

(f) no partner shall be entitled to remuneration for acting in the partnership business;

(g) no person may be introduced as a partner without the consent of all existing partners;

(h) any difference arising as to ordinary matters connected with the partnership business may be decided by a ma jority of the partners, but no change may be made in the nature of the partnership business without the consent of all existing partners;

(i) the partnership books shall be kept at the place of busi-

ness of the partnership (or the principal place, if there is more than one), and every partner may, when he thinks fit, have access to and inspect and copy any of them.

Power to expel partner

25 No majority of the partners can expel any partner unless a power to do so has been conferred by express agreement between the partners.

Retirement from partnership at will

26 (1) Where no fixed term has been agreed upon for the duration of the partnership, any partner may determine the partnership at any time on giving notice of his intention so to do to all the other partners.

(2) Where the partnership has originally been constituted by deed, a notice in writing, signed by the partner giving it, shall be suffi cient for this purpose.

Where partnership for term is continued over, continuance on old terms presumed

27 (1) Where a partnership entered into for a fixed term is contin ued after the term has expired, and without any express new agreement, the rights and duties of the partners remain the same as they were at the expiration of the term, so far as is consistent with the incidents of a partnership at will.

(2) A continuance of the business by the partners or such of them as habitually acted therein during the term, without any settlement or liquidation of the partnership affairs, is presumed to be a continuance of the partnership.

Duty of partners to render accounts

28 Partners are bound to render true accounts and full information of all things affecting the partnership to any partner or his legal repre sentatives,

Duty of partners to account for private profits

29 (1) Every partner must account to the firm for any benefit de rived by him without the consent of the other partners, from any trans action concerning the partnership, or from any use by him of the part nership property, name or business connection.

(2) The foregoing provisions of this section apply in relation to transactions undertaken after a partnership has been dissolved by the death of a partner, and before the affairs thereof have been completely wound up, either by any surviving partner or by the representatives of the deceased partner.

Duty of partner not to compete with firm

30 If a partner, without the consent of the other partners, carries on any business of the same nature as and competing with that of the firm, he must account for and pay over to the firm all profits made by him in that business.

Rights of assignee of share in partnership

31 (1) An assignment by any partner of his share in the partner ship, either absolute or by way of mortgage or redeemable charge, does not, as against the other partners, entitle the assignee, during the con tinuance of the partnership, to interfere in the management or adminis tration of the partnership business or affairs, or to require any accounts of the partnership transactions, or to inspect the partnership books, but entitles the assignee only to receive the share of profits to which the as signing partner would otherwise be entitled, and the assignee must ac cept the account of profits agreed to by the partners.

(2) In case of a dissolution of the partnership, whether as re spects all the partners or as respects the assigning partner, the assignee is entitled to receive the share of the partnership assets to which the as signing partner is entitled as between himself and the other partners, and, for the purpose of ascertaining that share, to an account as from the date of the dissolution.

Dissolution by expiration of notice

32 Subject to an agreement between the partners, a partnership is dissolved—

(a) if entered into for a fixed term, by the expiration of that term;

(b) if entered into for a single adventure or undertaking, by the termination of that adventure or undertaking;

(c) if entered into for an undefined time, by any partner giving notice to the other or others of his intention to dissolve the partnership.

In the last-mentioned case the partnership is dissolved as from the date mentioned in the notice as the date of dissolution or, if no date is so mentioned, as from the date of the communication of the notice.

Dissolution by bankruptcy, death or charge

33 (1) Subject to any agreement between the partners, every part nership is dissolved as regards all the partners by the death or bankruptcy of any partner.

(2) A partnership may, at the option of the other partners, be dissolved if any partner suffers his share of the partnership property to be charged under this Act for his separate debt.

Dissolution by illegality of partnership

34 A partnership is in every case dissolved by the happening of any event which makes it unlawful for the business of the firm to be carried on or for the members of the firm to carry it on in partnership.

Dissolution by Supreme Court

35 On application by a partner the Supreme Court may decree a dissolution of the partnership in any of the following cases—

(a) when a partner is found by the Supreme Court to be an insane person, or is shown to the satisfaction of the Supreme Court to be permanently of unsound mind, in either of which cases the application may be made as well on behalf of that partner by his committee or next friend or person having tide to intervene as by any other partner;

(b) when a partner, other than the partner suing, becomes in any other way permanently incapable of performing his part of the partnership contract;

(c) when a partner, other than the partner suing, has been guilty of such conduct as, in the opinion of the Supreme Court, regard being had to the nature of the business, is calculated prejudicially to affect the carrying on of the business;

(d) when a partner, other than the partner suing, wilfully or persistently commits a breach of the partnership agree ment, or otherwise so conducts himself in matters re lating to the partnership business that it is not reason ably practicable for the other partner or partners to carry on the business in partnership with him;

(e) when the business of the partnership can only be car ried on at a loss;

(f) whenever in any case circumstances have arisen which, in the opinion of the Supreme Court, render it just and equitable that the partnership should be dissolved.

Rights of persons dealing with firm against apparent members of firm

36 (1) Where a person deals with a firm after a change in its con stitution he is entitled to treat all apparent members of the old firm as still being members of the firm until he has notice of the change.

(2) An advertisement in the Gazette shall be notice as to per sons who had not dealings with the firm before the date of the dissolu tion or change so advertised.

(3) The estate of a partner who dies, or who becomes bankrupt, or of a partner who, not having been known to the person dealing with the firm to be a partner, retires from the firm, is not liable for partner ship debts contracted after the date of the death, bankruptcy, or retire ment respectively.

Rights of partners to notify dissolution

37 On the dissolution of a partnership or retirement of a partner any partner may publicly notify the same, and may require the other partner or partners to concur for that purpose in all necessary or proper acts, if any, which cannot be done without his or their concurrence.

Continuing authority of partners for purposes of winding up

38 After the dissolution of a partnership the authority of each part ner to bind the firm, and the other rights and obligations of the partners, continue notwithstanding the dissolution so far as may be necessary to wind up the affairs of the partnership, and to complete transactions be gun but unfinished at the time of the dissolution, but not otherwise:

Provided that the firm is in no case bound by the acts of a part ner who has become bankrupt, but this proviso does not affect the lia bility of any person who has after the bankruptcy represented himself or knowingly suffered himself to be represented as a partner of the bankrupt.

Rights of partners as to application of partnership property on dis solution

39 On the dissolution of a partnership every partner is entitled, as against the other partners in the firm, and all persons claiming through them in respect of their interests as partners, to have the property of the
partnership applied in payment of the debts and liabilities of the firm, and to have the surplus assets after such payment applied in payment of what may be due to the partners respectively after deducting what may be due from them as partners to the firm; and for that purpose any part ner or his representatives may on the termination of the partnership ap ply to the Supreme Court to wind up the business and affairs of the firm.

Appropriation of premium where partnership prematurely dissolved

40 Where one partner has paid a premium to another on entering into a partnership for a fixed term, and the partnership is dissolved be fore the expiration of that term otherwise than by the death of a partner, the Supreme Court may order the repayment of the premium, or of such part thereof as it thinks just, having regard to the terms of the partner ship contract and to the length of time during which the partnership has continued, unless—

(a) the dissolution is, in the judgment of the Supreme Court, wholly or chiefly due to the misconduct of the partner who paid the premium; or

(b) the partnership has been dissolved by an agreement containing no provision for a return of any part of the premium.

Right where partnership dissolved for fraud or misrepresentation

41 Where a partnership contract is rescinded on the ground of the fraud, or misrepresentation of one of the parties thereto, the party enti tled to rescind is, without prejudice to any other right,—

(a) entitled to a lien on, or right of retention of, the surplus of the partnership assets, after satisfying the partner ship liabilities, for any sum of money paid by him for the purchase of a share in the partnership and for any cap ital contributed by him; and

(b) entitled to stand in the place of the creditors of the firm for any payments made by him in respect of the partner ship liabilities; and

(c) entitled to be indemnified by the person guilty of the fraud or making the representation against all the debts and liabilities of the firm.

Right of outgoing partner in certain cases to share profits made af ter dissolution

42 Where any member of a firm has died or otherwise ceased to be a partner, and the surviving or continuing partners carry on the business of the firm with its capital or assets without any final settlement of ac counts as between the firm and the outgoing partner or his estate, then, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the outgoing partner or his estate is entitled at the option of himself or his representative to such share of the profits made since the dissolution as the Supreme Court may find to be attributable to the use of his share of the partnership as sets, or to interest at the rate of five per cent. per annum on the amount of his share of the partnership assets:

Provided that where by the partnership contract an option is given to surviving or continuing partners to purchase the interest of a deceased or outgoing partner, and that option is duly exercised, the es tate of the deceased partner, or the outgoing partner or his estate as the case may be, is not entitled to any future or other share of profits; but if any partner assuming to act in exercise of the option does not in all ma terial respects comply with the terms thereof, he is liable to account un der the foregoing provisions of this section.

Retiring or deceased partner's share to be a debt

43 Subject to any agreement between the partners, the amount due from surviving or continuing partners to an outgoing partner or the rep resentatives of a deceased partner in respect of the outgoing or deceased partner's share is a debt accruing at the date of the dissolution or death.

Rules for distribution of assets on final settlement of accounts

44 In settling accounts between the partners after a dissolution of partnership, the following rules shall, subject to any agreement, be ob served—

(a) losses, including losses and deficiencies of capital, shall be paid first out of profits, next out of capital, and lastly, if necessary, by the partners individually in the propor tion in which they were entitled to share profits;

(b) the assets of the firm, including the sums, if any, con tributed by the partners to make up losses or deficien cies of capital, shall be applied in the following manner and order—

(i) in paying the debts and liabilities of the firm to
persons who are not partners therein;

(ii) in paying to each partner rateably what is due from the firm to him for advances as distin guished from capital;

(iii) in paying to each partner rateably what is due from the firm to him in respect of capital; and

(iv) the ultimate residue, if any, shall be divided among the partners in the proportion in which profits are divisible.

Miscellaneous provisions

Definition of "business"

45 In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears, "business" in cludes every trade, occupation, or profession.

Saving for rules of equity and common law

46 The rules of equity and of common law applicable to partnership shall continue in force except so far as they are inconsistent with the ex press provisions of this Act.

Supreme Court may make rules or orders

47 (1) The Supreme Court shall have power to make such rules or orders as it may deem necessary for carrying into effect the provisions of this Act so far as they relate to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

(2) Section 6 of the Statutory Instruments Act 1977 [title 1 item 3] shall not apply to rules made under this section.

Commencement

48 [omitted]

[this Act came into operation on 1 October 1902]

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