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NAVY ACT 1957

ACT NO. 62 OF 1957 1*

[27th December, 1957]

Short title and commencement.

1. Short title and commencement.(1) This Act may be called the Navy Act, 1957.

(2) It shall come into force on such date2 as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.

Persons subject to naval law.

2. Persons subject to naval law.(1) The following persons shall be subject to naval law wherever they may be, namely:- (a) every person belonging to the Indian Navy during the time that he is liable for service under this Act; (b) every person belonging to the Indian Naval Reserve Forces when he is- (i) on active service ; or (ii) in or on any property of the naval service including naval establishments, ships and other vessels, aircraft, vehicles and armouries ; or (iii) called up for training or undergoing training in pursuance of regulations made under this Act, until he is duly released from his training ; or (iv) called up into actual service in the Indian Navy in pursuance of regulations made under this Act, until he is duly released therefrom; or (v) in uniform; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 This Act has been extended to Goa. Daman and Diu with modifications by Reg. 12 of 1962, s. 3 and Sch. and comes into, force in Pondicherry vide Reg. 7 of 1963. s. 3 and Sch. I (w.e.f. 1-10- 1963); and brought into force in Dadra and Nagar Heveli by Reg. 6 of 1963, s. 2 and Sch. I (w.e.f. 1-7-1965). 2 1st January, 1958, vide Notification No. S.R.O. 11E, dated the 31st December, 1957, see Gazette of India. Extraordinary, 1958, Pt. II, Sec. 4, p. 81. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 306 6(c) members of the regular Army and the Air Force when embarked on board any ship or aircraft of the Indian Navy, to such extent and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed; (d) every person not otherwise subject to naval law, who enters into an engagement with the Central Government under section 6; (e) every person belonging to any auxiliary forces raised under this Act, to such extent and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed; and (f)every person who, although he would not otherwise be subject to naval law, is by any other Act or during active service by regulations made under this Act in this behalf made subject to naval law, to such extent and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed.

(2) The following persons shall be deemed to be persons subject to naval law, namely:- (a) every person ordered to be received, or being a passen- ger, on board any ship or aircraft of the Indian Navy, to such extent and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed ; (b) every person sentenced under this Act to imprisonment or detention, during, the term of his sentence, notwith- standing that he is discharged or dismissed with or without disgrace from the naval service or would otherwise but for this provision cease to be subject to naval law.

Definitions. 3. Definitions.In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

(1) "active service" means service or duty- (a) during the period of operation of a Proclamation

of Emergency issued under clause (1) of article 352 of the Constitution ; or (b) during any period declared by the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette as a period of active service with reference to any area in which any person or class of persons subject to naval law may be serving; 307

(2) "Chief of the Naval Staff" means the flag officer appointed by the President as Chief of the Naval Staff or in his absence on leave or otherwise an officer appointed by the Central Government to officiate as such or in the absence of such officiating appointment the officer on whom the command devolves in accordance with regulations made under this Act;

(3) " civil offence " means an offence triable by a court of ordinary criminal jurisdiction in India ;

(4) " civil prison " means any jail or place used for the detention of any criminal prisoner under the Prisons Act, 1894 (5 of 1894), or under any other law for the time being in force-,

(5) " commissioned officer " means a person holding a commission from the President in the Indian Navy or the Indian Naval Reserve Forces ;

(6) " court-martial " means a court-martial constituted under this Act ;

(7) " enemy " includes all armed rebels, armed mutineers, armed rioters and pirates and any person in arms against whom it is the duty of any person subject to naval law to act ;

(8) " flag officer " means an officer of the rank of Admiral of the Fleet, Admiral, Vice-Admiral or Rear-Admiral;

(9) " Indian Naval Reserve Forces " mean the naval reserve forces raised and maintained by the Central Government;

(10) "Indian Navy" means the regular naval forces raised and maintained by the Central Government;

(11) "Indian waters", for the purposes of sections 31, 97 and 99, means the seas extending from the shores of India to such limits as may be prescribed ;

(12) " naval custody " means the arrest or confinement of a person in the prescribed manner or in accordance with the usages of the naval service, and includes military or air force custody; 1[(12A) " naval establishment" means an establishment belonging to, or under the control of, the Indian Navy whether within or without India;] ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 3. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 308

(13) " naval offence " means any of the offences under sections 34 to 76;

(14) " naval service " means the naval organisation of India;

(15) " naval tribunal " means a court-martial constituted under section 97 and includes a disciplinary court consti- tuted under section 96, a commanding officer or other officer or authority exercising powers of punishment under this Act;

(16) " officer " means a commissioned officer and includes a subordinate officer but does not include a petty officer ;

1[(17) "petty officer" means a sailor rated as such and includes a chief petty officer and a master chief petty officer ;]

(18) " prescribed " means prescribed by regulations made under this Act ;

(19) " provost-marshal " means a person appointed as such under section 89 and includes any of his deputies or assistants or any other person lawfully exercising authority under him or on his behalf;

(20) 2["sailor"] means a person in the naval service other than an officer ;

(21) "ship", except in the expression "on board a ship", in- cludes an establishment of the Indian Navy commissioned as a ship in accordance with the custom of the Navy;

(22) "subject to naval law" means liable to be arrested and tried under this Act for any offence;

(23) " subordinate officer " means a person appointed as an acting sub-lieutenant, a midshipman or a cadet in any branch of the Indian Navy or the Indian Naval Reserve Forces, but does not include a cadet whilst under training in a joint service institution ;

(24) "superior officer ", when used in relation to a person subject to naval law, means any officer or petty officer who is senior to that person under regulations made under this Act and any officer or petty officer, who though not so senior to that person, is entitled under this Act or the regulations made thereunder to give a ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 3, for cl. (1 7). 2 subs. by s. 2, ibid., for "seaman". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 309 command to that person, and includes, when such person is serving under prescribed conditions, an officer, junior commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned officer of the regular Army or the Air Force of higher relative rank to that person or entitled under this Act or the regulations made thereunder to give a command to that person;

(25) all words and expressions used but not defined in this Act but defined in the Indian Penal Code, (45 of 1860) shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Code.

Fundamental rights to apply to persons subject to naval law withmodifications. 4. Fundamental rights to apply to persons subject to naval law with modifications.The rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution in their application to persons subject to naval law shall be restricted or abrogated to the extent provided in this Act. CHAP THE NAVAL FORCES CHAPTER II THE NAVAL FORCES

Power of Central Government to raise and maintain naval forces. 5. Power of Central Government to raise and maintain naval forces.The Central Government may raise and maintain a regular naval force and also reserve and auxiliary naval forces. CHAP SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO DISCIPLINE IN CERTAIN CASES CHAPTER III SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO DISCIPLINE IN CERTAIN CASES

Provisions respecting discipline of persons under engagement to serveCentral Government. 6. Provisions respecting discipline of persons under engagement

to serve Central Government.(1) If any person not otherwise subject to naval law enters into an engagement with the Central Government to serve,- (a) in a particular ship ; or (b) in such particular ship or in such ships as the Central Government, the Chief of the Naval Staff, or the scribed officer may, from time to time, determine; and agrees to become subject to naval law upon entering into the engagement, that person shall, so long as the engagemnent remain in force and notwithstanding that for the time being he may no be serving in any ship, be subject to naval law. 310

(2) The Central Government may, by order, direct that, subject to such exceptions as may in particular cases be made by or on behalf of the Chief of the Naval Staff, persons of any such class as may be specified in the order shall, while being subject to naval law by virtue of this section, be deemed to be officers, petty officers or other 1[sailors], as the case may be, for the purposes of this Act or of such provisions of this Act as may be so specified.

Relations between the members of the Navy, Army and Air Force actingtogether. 7.Relations between the members of the Navy, Army and Air Force

acting together. (1) When members of the regular Army and the Air Force or of either of these forces are serving with members of the Indian Navy or Indian Naval Reserve Forces under prescribed conditions, then those members of the regular army or the Air Force shall exercise such command if any, and be subject to such discipline is may be prescribed.

(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall be deemed to authorise the exercise of powers of punishment by members of the, regular Army or the Air Force over members of the Indian Navy or the Indian Naval

Reserve Forces, except as provided in clause (e) of subsection (3) of section 93 2 [or in such cases and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed].

Provision respecting discipline of master of merchant vessel underconvoy. 8.Provision respecting discipline of master of merchant vessel

under convoy. (1) Every master or other person for the time being in command of any merchant or other vessel comprised in a convoy under the command of an officer of the Indian Navy shall obey, in all matters relating to the navigation or security of the convoy, any Directions which may be given by such officer, and shall take such precautions for avoiding the enemy is may be required by any such directions.

(2) If any such directions are not obeyed, any such officer or any person acting under his orders may compel obedience by forte of arms without being liable for any injury or loss of life or any danger to or loss of property resulting therefrom. CHAP COMMISSIONS, APPOINTMENTS AND ENROLMENTS CHAPTER IV COMMISSIONS, APPOINTMENTS AND ENROLMENTS

Eligibility or appointment or enrolment.

9. Eligibility or appointment or enrolment. (1) No person who is not a citizen of India shall be eligible for appointment or enrolment in the Indian Navy or the Indian Naval Reserve Forces except with the consent of the Central Government : --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2 for "seamen". 2 Ins. by s. 4, ibid. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 311 Provided that nothing in this section shall render a person ineligible for appointment or enrolment in the Indian Navy or the Indian Naval Reserve Forces on the ground that he is a subject of Nepal.

(2) No woman shall be eligible for appointment or enrolment in the Indian Navy or the Indian Naval Reserve Forces except in such department, branch or other body forming part thereof or attached thereto and subject to such conditions as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf.

commissions and appointments.

10. commissions and appointments.(1) Officers other than subordinate officers shall be appointed by commission granted by the President.

(2) The grant of the commission shall be notified in the Official Gazette and such notification shall be conclusive proof of the grant of such commission.

(3) Subordinate officers shall be appointed in such manner and shall hold such rank as may be prescribed.

Enrolment.

11. Enrolment.(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, the terms and conditions of service of 1[sailors], the person authorised to enrol for service as 1[sailors] and the manner and procedure of such enrolment shall be such as may be prescribed.

(2) No person shall be enrolled as a 2[sailor] in the Indian Navy for a period exceeding 3[twenty years] in the first instance; Provided that in the case of a minor the said period of twenty years shall be reckoned from the date on which he attains the age of seventeen.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force,- (a) the enrolment of tiny person. under this Act shall be binding on him both during his minority and after he attains majority ; (b) neither the parent or guardian of a minor duly enrolled under this Act nor any other person shall be entitled to claim custody of the said minor as against the Central Government or any of its officers or other persons set over him. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for "seamen". 2 Subs. by s. 2. ibid., for " Seaman". 3 Subs. by Act 34 of 1987, s.2. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 312

Validity of enrolment. 12. Validity of enrolment. Where a person after his enrolment has for a period of three months from the date of such enrolment been in receipt of pay as a 1[sailor], he shall be deemed to have been duly enrolled and shall not thereafter be entitled to claim his discharge on the ground of any irregularity or illegality in his engagement or any other ground whatsoever; and if within the said three months such person claims his discharge, no such irregularity or illegality or other ground shall, until such person is discharged in pursuance of his claim, affect his position as a 1[sailor] in the naval service or invalidate any proceedings, act or thing taken or done prior to his discharge.

Oath of allegiance. 13. Oath of allegiance.Every officer and every 1[sailor] shall, as soon as may be, after appointment or enrolment make and subscribe before the commanding officer of the ship to which he belongs, or the prescribed officer an oath or affirmation in the following form that is to say:- "I........do swear in the name of God solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will, as in duty bound, honestly and faithfully serve in the naval service and go wherever ordered by sea, land or, air, and that I will observe and obey all commands of the President and the commands of any superior officer set over me, even to the peril of my life." CHAP CONDITIONS OF SERVICE CHAPTER V CONDITIONS OF SERVICE

Liability for service of officers and sailors.

14. Liability for service of officers and sailors.(1) Subject to

the provisions of sub-section (4), officers and 2[sailors] shall be liable to serve in the Indian Navy or the Indian Naval Reserve Forces, as the case may be, until they are duly discharged, dismissed, dismissed with disgrace, retired, permitted to resign, or released.

(2)No officer shall be at liberty to resign his office except with the permission of the Central Government and no 1[sailor] shall be at liberty to resign his post except with the permission, of the prescribed officer. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for "seaman". 2 Subs. by s. 2, ibid., for " seamen ". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 313

(3)The acceptance of any resignation shall be a matter within the discretion of the Central Government or the officer concerned, as the case may be.

(4) Officers retired or permitted to resign shall be liable to recall to naval service in an emergency in accordance with regulations made under this Act, and on such recall shall be liable to serve until they have been duly discharged, dismissed, dismissed with disgrace, retired, permitted to resign, or released.

Tenure of service of officers and sailors.

15.Tenure of service of officers and sailors.(1) Every officer and 1[sailor] shall hold office during the pleasure of the President.

(2)Subject to the provisions of this Act and the regulations made thereunder, (a)the Central Government may 2[dismiss or] discharge or retire from the naval service any officer or 1 [sailor] ; (b) the Chief of the Naval Staff or any prescribed officer may 2[dismiss or] discharge from the naval service any 1[sailor].

Discharge on expiry of engagement. 16. Discharge on expiry of engagement.Subject to the provisions of section 18, a 1[sailor] shall be entitled to be discharged at the expiration of the term of service for which he is engaged unless- (a) such expiration occurs during active service in which case he shall be liable to continue to serve for such further period as may be required by the Chief of the Naval Staff ; or (b) he is re-enrolled in accordance with the regulations made under this Act.

Provisions as to discharge.

17. Provisions as to discharge.(1) A 1[sailor] entitled to be discharged under section 16 shall be discharged with all convenient speed and in any case within one month of his becoming so entitled : Provided that where a 1[sailor] is serving overseas at the time he becomes entitled to be discharged, he shall be returned to India for the purpose of being discharged, with all convenient speed, and in any case within three months of his becoming so entitled: Provided further that where such enrolled person serving overseas does not desire to return to India, he may be discharged at the place where he is at the time. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for "seaman". 2 Ins. by s. 5, ibid. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 314

(2) Every 1[sailor) discharged shall be entitled to be conveyed free of cost from any place he may be at the time to any place in India to which he may desire to go.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in the preceding sub- sections, an enrolled person shall remain liable to serve until he is duly discharged.

(4) Every 1[sailor] who is dismissed, discharged, retired, permitted to resign or released from service shall be furnished by the prescribed officer with a certificate in the language which is the mother tongue of such 1[sailor] and also in the English language setting forth- (a) the authority terminating his service; (b) the cause for such termination ; and (c) the full period of his service in the Indian Navy and the Indian Naval Reserve Forces.

Saving of powers of dismissal by naval tribunals. 18. Saving of powers of dismissal by naval tribunals.Nothing in this Chapter shall affect the award by a naval tribunal of the punishment of dismissal with disgrace, or dismissal from the naval service under this Act.

Restrictions respecting right to form associations, freedom ofspeech, etc. 19. Restrictions respecting right to form associations,

freedom of speech, etc.(1) No person subject to naval law shall, without the express sanction of the Central Government,- (a) be a member of, or be associated in any way with, any trade union, labour union, political association or with any class of trade unions, labour, unions or political associations, or (b) be a member of, or be associated in any way with, any other society, institution, association or organisation that is not recognised as part of the Armed Forces of the Union or is not of a purely social, recreational or religious nature. Explanation.-If any question arises as to whether any society, institution, association or organisation is of a purely social, recreational or religious nature, the decision of the Central Government thereon shall be final.

(2) No person subject to naval law shall attend or address any meeting or take any part in any demonstration organised by any body of persons for any political purposes or for such other purposes as may be specified in this behalf by the Central Government. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 197 , s. 2, for "seaman". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 315

(3) No person subject to naval law shall communicate with the press or publish or cause to be published any book, letter or other document having bearing on any naval, army or air force subject or containing any fact or opinion calculated to embarrass the relations between the Government and the people or any section thereof or between the Government and any foreign country, except with the previous sanction of the Central Government.

(4) No person subject to naval law shall whilst he is so subject practise any profession or carry on any occupation, trade or business without the previous sanction of the Chief of the Naval Staff. 19A. Reinstatement of persons belonging to the Indian Naval Reserve Forceson termination of period of training or actual service with the IndianNavy. 1[19A. Reinstatement of persons belonging to the Indian Naval Reserve Forces on termination of period of period training or actual

service with the Indian Navy. (1) If a person belonging to the Indian Naval Reserve Forces is, during the period of his employment under an employer called up for training or called up into actual service with the Indian Navy in pursuance of his liability under any regulations made under this Act, it shall be the duty of every such employer to reinstate the person in his employment on the termination of the period of his training or service with the Indian Navy in an occupation and under conditions not less favourable to him than those which would have been applicable to him had his employment not been so interrupted; Provided that if the employer refuses to reinstate such person or denies his liability to reinstate such person, or if for any reason reinstatement of such person is represented by the employer to be, impracticable, either party may refer the matter to the authority prescribed in this behalf and that authority shall, after considering all matters which may be put before it and after making such further inquiry into the matter as may be prescribed, pass an order- (a) exempting the employer from the provisions of this section, or (b) requiring the employer to re-employ such person on such terms as the authority thinks suitable, or (c) requiring the employer to pay to such person by way of compensation for' failure or inability to re-employ, a sum not exceeding an amount equal to six months' remuneration at the rate at which his last remuneration was payable 'lo him by the employer.

(2) If any employer fails to obey the order of any such

authority as is referred to in the proviso to subsection (1), he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, and the ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 53 of 1974, s.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 316 court by which an employer is convicted under this sub-section shall order him (if he has not already been so required by the said authority) to pay to the person whom he has failed to re-employ a sum equal to six months' remuneration at the rate at which his last remuneration was payable to him by the employer, and any amount so required to be paid either by the said authority or by the court shall be recoverable as if it were a fine imposed by such court.

(3) In any proceeding under this section it shall be a defence for an employer to prove that the person formerly employed did not apply to the employer for reinstatement within a period of two months from the termination of the period of his training or service with the Indian Navy.

(4) The duty imposed by sub-section (1) upon an employer to reinstate in his employment a person such as is described in that sub- section shall attach to an employer who, before such person is actually called up for training, or called up into actual service with the Indian Navy, terminates his employment in circumstances such as to indicate an intention to evade the duty imposed by that sub-section, and such intention shall be presumed until the contrary is proved, if the termination takes place after the issue of orders calling him up for training or service with the Indian Navy under this Act. 19B. Preservation of service rights belonging to the Indian Naval Reserve Forces when called up for training or actual service with the Indian Navy. When any person belonging to the Indian Naval Reserve Forces and called up for training or called up into actual service with the Indian Navy in pursuance of his liability under any regulations made under this Act, has any rights under any provident fund or superannuation fund or other scheme for the benefit of employees maintained in connection with the employment he relin- quishes, he shall continue, so long as he is engaged in training, or service with the Indian Navy and if he is reinstated, until such reinstatement under the provisions of this Act, to have in respect of such fund or scheme such rights as may be prescribed.] CHAP SERVICE PRIVILEGES CHAPTER VI SERVICE PRIVILEGES

Immunity from attachment. 20.Immunity from attachment.The arms, clothes, equipments, accouterments or necessaries of any person in the naval, service, while subject to naval law, shall not be seized, nor shall the pay and allowances or any part thereof of such person be attached under any process or direction issued by, or by the authority of, any court or public servant in respect of any claim, decree or order enforceable against him. 317

Immunity from arrest for debt.

21. Immunity from arrest for debt.(1) No person in the naval service shall, so long as he is subject to naval law, be liable to be arrested for debt under any process or direction issued by, or by the authority of, any court or public servant.

(2) If any such person is arrested in contravention of the

provisions of sub-section (1), the court or public servant by whom or by whose authority such process or direction was issued shall on com- plaint by the person arrested or by his superior officer enquire into the case and if satisfied that the arrest was made in contravention of

sub-section (1), shall make an order for the immediate discharge of the person arrested and may award to the complainant the costs of the complaint to be recoverable in the same manner as if such costs were awarded to him by a decree against the person at whose instance such process or direction was issued.

(3) No court-fee shall be payable on a complaint made under sub-

section (2) or for recovery of the costs that may be awarded under that sub-section.

Immunity of persons attending court martial or disciplinary court formarrest. 22. Immunity of persons attending court martial or disciplinary

court form arrest.(1) No president or other member of a court-martial or disciplinary court, no judge advocate, no party to any proceeding before a court-martial or disciplinary court or no advocate or agent of such party, and no witness acting in obedience to a summons to attend a court-martial or disciplinary court shall, while proceeding to, attending or returning from, a court-martial or disciplinary court, be liable to arrest under any civil or revenue process.

(2) If any such person is arrested under any such process, he may be discharged by order of the court-martial or disciplinary court, as the case may be.

Remedy of aggrieved Persons.

23. Remedy of aggrieved Persons.(1) If an officer or 1[sailor] thinks that he has suffered any personal oppression, injustice or other ill-treatment at the hands of any superior officer, he may make a complaint in accordance with the regulations made under this Act.

(2) The regulations referred to in sub-section (1) shall provide for the complaint to be forwarded to the Central Government for its consideration if the complainant is not satisfied with the decision on his complaint.

Priority of hearing of cases concerning persons in the naval services. 24. Priority of hearing of cases concerning persons in the naval

services.(1) On the presentation to any civil or revenue court by or on behalf of any person in the naval service while subject to naval ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for "seaman". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 318 law of a certificate from the proper naval authority of leave of absence having been granted to or applied for by him for the purpose of prosecuting or defending any suit or other proceeding in such court, the court shall, on the application of such person, arrange, so far as may be possible, for the hearing and final disposal or such suit or other proceeding within the period of the leave so granted or applied for.

(2) The certificate from the proper naval authority shall state the first and last day of the leave granted or applied for and set forth a description of the case with respect to which the leave has been granted or applied for, and shall be duly signed and authenti- cated by such authority.

(3) No fee shall be payable to the court in respect of the presentation of any such certificate, or in respect of any application by or on behalf of any such person for priority for the hearing of his case and every such certificate duly signed and authenticated as aforesaid shall be conclusive evidence of the correctness of the contents thereof.

(4) Where the court is unable to arrange for the hearing and final disposal of the suit or other proceeding within the period of the leave granted or applied for as aforesaid, it shall record its reasons for having been unable to do so, and shall cause a copy thereof to be furnished to such person on his application, without any payment whatever by him in respect either of the application for such copy or of the copy itself.

(5) Every criminal court before which a case is pending against a person in the naval service, shall, so far as may be possible, arrange for the early hearing and final disposal of such case.

Right of the Chief of the Naval Staff or commanding officers to obtaincopies of judgements or orders made by a criminal court. 25. Right of the Chief of the Naval Staff or commanding officers to obtain copies of judgements or orders made by a criminal court.A criminal court before which any proceedings have been taken against a person in the naval service while subject to naval law shall, on application by the Chief of the Naval Staff or the commanding officer of that person, grant copies of the judgment and final orders in the case free of cost and without delay.

Saving of rights and privileges under other laws. 26. Saving of rights and privileges under other laws.The rights and privileges specified in the preceding sections of this Chapter shall be in addition to, and not in derogation of, any other rights and privileges conferred on persons in the naval service while subject to naval law or on members of the regular Army, Navy and Air Force generally by any other law for the time being in force. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for "seaman". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 319 CHAP PROVISIONS AS TO PAY, PENSION, ETC., AND MAINTENANCE OF FAMILIES CHAPTER VII PROVISIONS AS TO PAY, PENSION, ETC., AND MAINTENANCE OF FAMILIES

Deductions from pay , etc., not to be made unless authorised. 27. Deductions from pay, etc., not to be made unless authorised.No deductions other than those authorised by or under this or any other Act shall be made from the pay, pensions, gratuities allowances and other benefits due to officers and 1[sailors] under any regulations for the time being in force.

Deductions from pay and allowances of officers. 28. Deductions from pay and allowances of officers.The following deductions may be made from the pay and allowances of an officer without recourse to trial by a naval tribunal, namely:-

(1) all pay and allowances for everyday of absence without leave unless an explanation is given to the satisfaction of the commanding officer for such absence and approved by the Chief of the Naval Staff: Provided that the officer is not fealt with by a naval tribunal for the said absence;

(2) all pay and allowances for everyday while he is in civil or naval custody or under suspension from duty on a charge for an offence of which he is afterwards convicted by a competent naval tribunal or criminal court and sentenced to imprisonment;

(3) all pay and allowances for everyday while he is in hospital on account of sickness certified by the prescribed medical officer to have been caused by an act amounting to an offence punishable under this Act: Provided that such certificate is accepted by the Chief of the Naval Staff :,

(4) any sum required to make good the pay and allowances of any person subject to naval law which he has, unlawfully retained or refused to pay ;

(5) any sum required to make good any loss, damage or destruction of Government property or property belonging to a naval mess, band or institution which after due investigation appears to the Central Government, the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed officer to have been occasioned by the wrongful act or negligence on the part of the officer ; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for " seaman". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 320

(6) any sum required to be paid for the maintenance of his wife or legitimate or illegitimate children under the provisions of section 31 ;

(7) any sum which after due investigation appears to the prescribed officer to be due to a service mess or canteen.

Deductions from pay and allowances of sailors. 29. Deductions from pay and allowances of sailors.The following deductions may be made from the pay and allowances of a 1[sailor] without recourse to trial by a naval tribunal, namely:-

(1) all pay and allowances for everyday of absence without leave unless an explanation is given to the satisfaction of the commanding officer for such absence: Provided that the 1[sailor] is not dealt with by a naval tribunal for the said absence;

(2) all pay and allowances for everyday he is in confinement on a charge for an offence of which he is afterwards convicted by a competent naval tribunal or criminal court ;

(3) all pay and allowances for everyday he is in hospital on account of sickness certified by the prescribed medical officer to have been caused by an act amounting to an offence punishable under this Act: Provided that such certificate is accepted by the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed officer;

(4) any sum required to make good any loss, damage or destruction of any property which after due investigation appears to the Central Government or the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed officer to have been occasioned by the wrongful act or negligence on the part of the 1[sailor];

(5) any sum required to be paid for the maintenance of his wife or legitimate or illegitimate children under the provisions of section 31.

Deductions awarded by naval tribunals. 30. Deductions awarded by naval tribunals.Deductions may be made from the pay and allowances of an officer or 1[sailor] in respect of any sentence of fine. forfeiture or mulcts of pay and allowances awarded in pursuance of this Act by a naval tribunal. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. for seaman". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 321

Liability for maintenance of wife and children.

31. Liability for maintenance of wife and children.(1) A person subject to naval law shall be liable to maintain his wife and his legitimate or illegitimate children to the same extent as if he were not so subject ; but the execution or enforcement of any decree or order for maintenance passed or made against such person shall not be directed against his person, pay, arms. ammunition, equipments, instruments or clothing.

(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1),- (a) where it appears to the satisfaction of the Central Government or the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed authority that a person subject to naval law has without reasonable cause deserted or left in destitute circumstances his wife or any legitimate child unable to maintain himself or has by reason of contracting a second marriage become liable to provide separate maintenance to his first wife ; or (b) where any decree or order is passed under any law against a person who is, or subsequently becomes, subject to naval law for the maintenance of his wife or his legitimate or illegitimate children and a copy of the decree or order is sent to the Central Government or the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed authority; the Central Government, or the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed authority may direct a portion of the pay of the person so subject to naval law to be deducted from such pay and appropriated in the prescribed manner towards the maintenance of his wife or children, but the amount deducted shall not exceed the amount fixed by the decree or order (if any) and shall not be at a higher rate than the rate fixed by regulations made under this Act in this behalf: Provided that in the case of a decree or order for maintenance referred to in clause (b) no deduction from pay shall be directed unless the Central Government, or the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed authority is satisfied that the person against whom such decree or order has been passed or made, has had a reasonable opportunity of appearing, or has actually appeared either in person or through a duly appointed legal practitioner, to defend the case before the court by which the decree or order was passed or made. 322

(3) Where arrears of maintenance under a decree or order re-

ferred to in sub-section (2) have accumulated while the person against whom the decree or order has been made is subject to naval law whether or not deductions in respect thereof have been made from his pay under this section, no step for the recovery of those arrears shall be taken in any court after such person has ceased to be so subject unless the court is satisfied that he has, since he ceased to be subject to naval law, the ability to pay the arrears or any part thereof and has failed to do so.

(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, where a proceeding for obtaining a decree or order for maintenance Is started against a person subject to naval law,- (a) the court may send the process for service on that person to the commanding officer of the ship on which such person is serving or on the books of which he is borne; or (b) if, by reason of the ship being at sea or otherwise, it is impracticable for the court to send the process to the commanding officer, the court may, after not less than three weeks' notice to the Central Government, send it to a Secretary to that Government for transmission to the commanding officer for service on that person: Provided that such service shall not be valid unless there is sent along with the- process such sum of money as may be prescribed to enable that person to attend the hearing of the proceeding and to return to his ship or quarters after such attendance.

(5) If a decree or order is passed or made in the proceeding against the person on whom the process is served, the sum sent along with the process shall be awarded as costs of the proceeding against that person.

(6) No process in any proceeding under this section shall be valid against a person subject to naval law if served on him after he is under orders for service at a foreign station or beyond Indian waters. 323

(7) The production of a certificate of the receipt of the process purpoting to be signed by such commanding officer as aforesaid shall be evidence that the process has been duly served, unless the contrary is proved.

(8) Where by a decree or order a copy whereof has been sent to the Central Government or the Chief of the Naval Staff or the pres-

cribed authority under clause (b) of sub-section (2), the person against whom the decree or order has been passed or made is directed to pay as costs any sum sent along with the process [referred to in

the proviso to sub-section (4) ], the Central Government may pay to the person entitled an amount in full satisfaction of that sum and the amount so paid by the Central Government shall be deemed to be a public demand recoverable from the person against whom the decree or order has been passed or made, and without prejudice to any other mode of recovery, may be recovered by deduction from his pay, in addition

to the deductions authorised by sub-section (2).

(9) Where any person subject to naval law has made an allotment of any part of his pay and allowances for the benefit of his wife, that allotment shall not be discontinued or reduced until the Central Government or the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed authority is satisfied that the allotment should no longer be made or should be reduced.

(10) In this section, the expression "pay" includes all sums pay- able to a person subject to naval law in respect of his services other than allowances in lieu of lodgings, rations, provisions, clothing and travelling allowances.

Limit of certain deductions. 32. Limit of certain deductions.Except when the deductions are

made under sub-sections(1),(2) and (4) of section 28 or sub-

sections (1) and (2) of section 29, the total deductions from the pay and allowances of an officer or 1[sailor] shall not exceed in any one month one-half of his pay and allowances for that month.

Remission of deductions.

33. Remission of deductions.(1) Any deduction from the pay and allowances authorised de by or under this Act may be remitted by the Chief of the Naval Staff in his discretion.

(2) Such deduction may also be remitted in such manner and to such extent and by such other authority as may be prescribed. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for " seaman". ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 324 CHAP ARTICLES OF WAR CHAPTER VIII ARTICLES OF WAR

Misconduct by officers or persons in command. 1[34. Misconduct by officers or persons in command.Every flag officer, captain or other person subject to naval law who, being in command of any ship, vessel or aircraft of the Indian Navy, or any naval establishment- (a) fails to use his utmost exertions to bring into action any such ship, vessel or aircraft which it is his duty to bring into action ; or (b) surrenders any such ship, vessel or aircraft to the enemy when it is capable of being successfully defended or destroyed ; or (c) fails to pursue the enemy whom it is his duty to pursue or to assist to the utmost of his ability any friend whom it is his duty to assist ; or (d) in the course of any action by or against the enemy improperly withdraws from the action or from his station or fails in his own person and according to his rank to en- courage the persons under his command to fight courageously ; or (e) surrenders any such naval establishment or any part of such an establishment to the enemy when it is capable of being successfully defended or when it is his duty to cause it to be destroyed, shall,- (a) if such act is committed with intent to assist the enemy or from cowardice, be punished with death or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned; and (b) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Misconduct by persons other than those in command. 35. Misconduct by persons other than those in command.Every person subject to naval law who, not being in command of any naval establishment or any ship, vessel or aircraft of the Indian Navy, fails when ordered to prepare for action by or against the enemy, or during any such action, to use his utmost exertions to carry the lawful Orders of his superior officers into execution shall,- (a) if such act is committed with intent to assist the enemy, be punished with death or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned; and ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 7, for the original ss. 34 to

325 (b) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Delaying or discouraging action or service commanded. 36. Delaying or discouraging action or service commanded.Every person subject to naval law who wilfully delays or discourages upon any pretext whatsoever, any action or service which has been commanded on the part of the Navy, regular Army, or Air Force or of any forces co-operative therewith shall,- (a) if such act is committed with intent to assist the enemy, be punished with death or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned; and (b) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment which may extend to seven years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Penalty for disobedience in action. 37. Penalty for disobedience in action.Every person subject to naval law who, being in the presence or vicinity of the enemy or having been ordered to be prepared for action by or against the enemy- (a) deserts his post ; or ... (b) sleeps upon his watch, shall be punished with death or such other punishment as is herein- after mentioned.]

Penalty for spying. 38. Penalty for spying.Every person not otherwise subject to naval law who is or acts as a spy for the enemy shall be punished under this Act with death or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned as if he were a person subject to naval law.

Correspondence, etc., with the enemy. 39. Correspondence, etc., with the enemy.Every person subject to naval law, who,- (a) traitorously holds correspondence with the enemy or gives intelligence to the enemy; or (b) fails to make known to the proper authorities any information he may have received from the enemy; or (c) assists the enemy with any supplies; or (d) having been made a prisoner of war, voluntarily serves with or aids the enemy; shall be punished with death or such other punishment as is herein- after mentioned. 326

Improper communication with the enemy. 40. Improper communication with the enemy.Every person subject to naval law who without any traitorous intention holds any improper communication with the enemy shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Deserting post and neglect of duty. 41. Deserting post and neglect of duty.Every person subject to naval law, who,- (a) deserts his post ; or (b) sleeps upon his watch ; or 1[(c) fails to perform or negligently performs the duty im- posed on him; or] (d) wilfully conceals any words, practice or design tending to the hindrance of the naval service; shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Mutiny defined. 2 [42. Mutiny defined.Mutiny means any assembly or combination of two or more persons subject to naval law, the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950), or the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950),or between persons two at least of whom are subject to naval law or any such Act,- (a) to overthrow or resist lawful authority in the Navy, regular Army or Air Force or any part of any one or more of them or any forces co-operating therewith or any part thereof; or (b) to disobey such authority in such circumstances as to make the disobedience subversive of discipline or with the object of avoiding any duty or service against, or in con- nection with operations against, the enemy; or (c) to show contempt to such authority in such circumstances as to make such conduct subversive of discipline; or (d) to impede the performance of any duty or service in the Navy, regular Army or Air Force or any part of any one or more of them or any forces co-operative therewith or any part thereof.]

Punishment for mutiny. 43. Punishment for mutiny.Every person subject to naval. law, who,- (a) joins in a mutiny; or (b) begins, incites, causes or conspires with any other persons to cause, a mutiny; or --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 8, for the former cl. (c). 2 Subs. by s. 9, ibid., for the former s. 42. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 327 (c) endeavours to incite any person to join In a mutiny or to commit an act of mutiny ; or (d) endeavours to seduce any person in the regular Army, Navy or Air Force from his allegiance to the Constitution or loyalty to the State or duty to his superior officers or uses any means to compel or induce any such person to abstain from acting against the enemy or discourage such person from acting against the enemy; or (e) does not use his utmost exertions to suppress 1[or prevent] a mutiny ; or (f) wilfully conceals any traitorous or mutinous practice or design or any traitorous words spoken against the State; or (g) knowing or having reason to believe in the existence of any mutiny or of any intention to mutiny does not without delay give information thereof to the commanding officer of his ship or other superior officer ; or (h) utters words of sedition or mutiny; shall be punished with death or such other punishment as is herein- after mentioned.

Persons on board ships or aircraft seducing naval personnel fromallegiance. 44. Persons on board ships or aircraft seducing naval personnel from allegiance.Every person not otherwise subject to naval law who being on board any ship or aircraft of the Indian Navy or on board any ship in the service of the Government endeavours to seduce from his allegiance to the Constitution or loyalty to the State or duty to superior officers any person subject to naval law shall be punished under this Act with death or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned as if he were a person subject 'to naval law.

Striking Superior officers. 45. Striking Superior officers.Every person subject to naval law who commits any of the following offences, that is to say,- (a) strikes or attempts to strike his superior officer; or (b) draws or lifts up any weapon against such officer; or (c) uses or attempts to use any violence against such officer; shall be punished,- if the offence is committed on active service with imprison- ment for a term which may extend to ten years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned; and ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 10. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 328 in any other case, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years or such other punishment as is herein- after mentioned.

Ill-treating subordinates. 46. Ill-treating subordinates.Every person subject to naval law who is guilty of ill-treating any other person subject to such law, being his subordinate in rank or position, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Disobedience and in subordination. 47. Disobedience and in subordination.Every person subject to naval law, who,- (a) wilfully disobeys any lawful command of his superior officer ; or (b) in the presence of his superior officer, or otherwise shows or expresses his intention to disobey a lawful command given by such superior officer; or (c) uses insubordinate, threatening or insulting language to his superior officer; or (d)behaves with contempt to his superior officer shall, if the offence is committed on active service or in a manner to show wilful defiance of authority, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to ten years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned and in other cases, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Quarrelling fighting and disorderly behaviour. 48. Quarrelling fighting and disorderly behaviour.Every person subject to naval. law, who,- (a) quarrels, fights with or strikes any other person, whether such person is or is not subject to naval law; or (b) uses reproachful or provoking speeches or gestures tending to make a quarrel or disturbance; or (c) behaves in a disorderly manner; shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Desertion.

49. Desertion. (1) Every person subject to naval law who absents himself from his ship or from the place where his duty requires him to be, with an intention of not returning to such ship or place, or who at any time and under any circumstances when absent from his ship or place of duty does any act which shows that he has an intention of not returning to such ship or place is said to desert. 329

(2) Every person who deserts shall,- (a) if he deserts to the enemy, be punished with death or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned; or (b) if he deserts under any other circumstances, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned; and in every such case he shall forfeit all pay, head money, bounty, salvage, prize money and allowances that have been earned by him and all annuities, pensions, gratuities, medals and decorations that may have been granted to him and also all clothes and effects which he deserted, unless the tribunal by which he is tried or the which he deserted, unless the tribunal by which he is tried or the Central Government or the Chief of the Naval Staff, otherwise directs.

Seducing person to desert. 50. Seducing person to desert.Every person subject to naval law who endeavours to seduce any other person subject to naval law to desert shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Breaking out of ship and absence without leave. 51. Breaking out of ship and absence without leave.Every person subject to naval law who without being guilty of descretion improperly leaves his ship or place of duty 1 [or any place where he is required to be] or is absent without leave shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned and shall also be punished by such mulcts of pay and allowances as may be prescribed.

Drunkenness.

52. Drunkenness. 2[(1)] Every person subject to naval law who is guilty of drunkenness shall, if the offence is committed on active service, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned and in other cases be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

3 [(2) For the purpose of sub-section (1), a person shall be deemed to be guilty of drunkenness if, owing to the influence of alcohol or any drug whether alone or in combination with any other cir- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 11.

2 S. 52 was renumbered as sub-section (1) of that section by s. 12, ibid. 3 Ins. by s. 12. ibid. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 330 cumstances he is unfit to be entrusted with his duty or with any duty which he may be called upon to perform or behaves in a disorderly manner or in a manner likely to bring discredit to the naval service.]

Uncleanness or indecent acts. 53. Uncleanness or indecent acts.Every person subject to naval law who is guilty of,- (a) uncleanness; or (b) any indecent act; shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Cruelty and conduct unbecoming the character of an officer. 54. Cruelty and conduct unbecoming the character of an

officer.(1) Every officer subject to naval law who is guilty of cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

(2) Every officer subject to naval law who is guilty of any scandalous or fraudulent conduct or of any conduct unbecoming the character of an officer shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Losing ship or aircraft.

2[55(1) Losing ship or aircraft.Every person subject to naval law, who wilfully loses strands or hazards or suffers to be lost, stranded or hazarded any ship of the Indian Navy or in the service of the Government, or loses or suffers to be lost any aircraft of the Indian Navy or in the service of the Government shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

(2) Every person subject to naval law who negligently or by any default loses, strands or hazards or suffers to be lost, stranded or hazarded any ship of the Indian Navy or in the service of the Govern- ment, or loses or suffers to be lost any aircraft of the Indian Navy or in the service of the Government shall be punished with imprison- ment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned. 55A. Dangerous unauthorised flying. 2[55A. Dangerous unauthorised flying. Every person subject to naval law. who is guilty of any act or neglect in flying or in the use of any aircraft of the Indian Navy or in relation to any such aircraft or aircraft material, which causes or is likely to cause loss of life or bodily injury to any person shall,- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s.13, for "designedly". 2 Ins. by s. 14, ibid. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 331 (a) if he acts wilfully or with wilful neglect, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years; 1[or such other punishment as is hereinafter is mentioned] and (b) in any other case, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned. 55B. Inaccurate certificate. 55B. Inaccurate certificate.Every person subject to naval law who signs any certificate in relation to an aircraft or aircraft material belonging to or in the service of the Government without ensuring the accuracy thereof, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned. 55C. Low flying and annoyance by flying. 55C. Low flying and annoyance by flying. Every person subject to naval law being the pilot of an aircraft of the Indian Navy, who- (a) flies it at a height less than the minimum height authorised by his commanding officer or appropriate service authority except while taking off or landing; or (b) flies it so as to cause or likely to cause unnecessary annoyance to any person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned. 55D. Disobedience of lawful command of captain of an aircraft. 55D. Disobedience of lawfull command of captain of an aircraft. Every person subject to naval law, who, while he is in an aircraft belonging to or in the use of the Government, disobeys any lawful command given by the captain of the aircraft, whether such c captain is subject to naval law or not, in relation to all matters relating to flying or handling of the aircraft or affecting the safety thereof, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.]

Offences by officers in charge of convoy.

56. Offences by officers in charge of convoy.(1) All officers appointed for the convoy and protection of any ships or vessels shall diligently perform their duty without delay according to their instructions in that behalf.

(2) Every such officer subject to naval law, who,- (a) does not defend the ships and goods under his convoy without deviation to any other objects; or (b) refuses to fight in their defence if they are assailed; or (c) cowardly abandons and exposes the ships in his convoy to hazard; or ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 48 of 1982, s.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 332 (d) demands or exacts any money or other reward from any merchant or master for convoying any ships or vessels entrusted to his care; or (e) misuses the masters or mariners thereof; shall be punished with death or such other punishment as is herein- after mentioned, and shall also make such reparation in damages to the merchants, owners and others as a civil court of competent jurisdiction may adjudge.

Taking unauthorised goods on board ship. 57. Taking unauthorised goods on board ship.Every officer subject to naval law in command of any shin of the Indian Navy who receives on board or permits to be received on board such ship any goods or merchandise whatsoever other than for the sole use of the ship or persons belonging to the ship, except goods and merchandise on board any ship which may be shipwrecked or in imminent danger either on the high seas or in some port, creek, or harbour, for the purpose of preserving them for their proper owners, or except such goods or merchandise as he may at any time be ordered to take or receive on board by order of the central Government or his superior officer, shall be punished with dismissal from the naval service or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Offences in respect of property. 58. Offences in respect of property.Every person subject to naval law who wastefully expends or fraudulently buys, sells or receives any property of Government or property belonging to a naval, military or air force mess, band or institution, and every person who knowingly permits any such wasteful expenditure, or any such fraudulent purchase, sale or receipt, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Arson. 59. Arson. Every person subject to naval law who unlawfully sets fire to any dockyard, victualling yard or steam factory yard, arsenal, magazine, building, stores or to any ship, vessel, hoy, barge, boat, aircraft, or other craft or furniture thereunto belonging, not being the property of an enemy, shall be punished with death or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Falsfying official documents and false declarations. 60. Falsfying official documents and false declarations.Every person subject to naval law- (a) who knowingly makes or signs a false report, return, list, certificate, book, muster or other document to be used for official purposes ; or 333 (b) who commands, counsels or procures the making or signing thereof; or (c) who aids or abets any other person in the making or signing thereof; or (d) who knowingly makes, commands, counsels or procures the making of, a false or fraudulent statement or a fraudulent omission in any such document; shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Malingering etc., 61. Malingering etc., Every person subject to naval law- (a) who wilfully does any act or wilfully disobeys any orders whether in hospital or elsewhere with intent to produce or to aggravate any disease or infirmity or to delay his cure; or (b) who feigns any disease, infirmity or inability to perform his duty; shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Penalty for endeavouring to stir up disturbance on account ofunwhole someness of victuals or other just grounds. 62. Penalty for endeavouring to stir up distubance on account of unwhole someness of victuals or other just grounds. Every person subject to naval law who has any cause of complaint either of the unwholesomeness of the victuals or upon any other just ground shall quietly make the same known to his superior or captain or to the Chief of the Naval Staff, in accordance with the prescribed channels of communication and the said superior, captain or Chief of the Naval Staff shall, as far as he is able, cause the same to be presently remedied; and every person subject to naval law who upon any pretence whatever attempts to stir up any disturbance shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Offences in respect of papers relating to prize.

63. Offences in respect of papers relating to prize.(1) All the papers, charter-parties, bills of lading , passports and other writings whatsoever that shall be taken, seized or found 1[aboard] any ships which are taken as prize, shall be duly preserved and the commanding officer of the ship which takes such price shall send the originals entire and without fraud to the court of competent jurisdiction or such other court or commissioners as shall be authorised to determine whether such prize be lawful capture, there to be viewed, made use of and proceeded upon according to law. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 58 of 1960, s. 3 and Sch. 11, for "abroad" (with retrospective effect) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 334

(2) Every commanding officer who wilfully fails to send the papers, charter-parties, bills of lading, passports or other writings whatsoever that shall be taken, seized or found 1[abroad] any ships which are taken as prize to the proper court or other authority shall be punished with dismissal from the naval service or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned and in addition shall forfeit and lose any share of the capture.

Officers in respect of prize. 64. Officers in respect of prize.Every person subject to naval law who takes out of any prize or ship seized for prize, any money, plate, or goods, unless it is necessary for the better securing thereof, or for the necessary use and service of any ships of war of the Indian Navy, before the same be adjudged lawful prize in a court of competent jurisdiction, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned, and in addition shall forfeit and lose his share of the capture.

Offences in respect of persons on board a prize ship. 65. Offences in respect of persons on board a prize ship.Every person subject to naval law who in any sort pillages, beats, or ill- treats officers, mariners or other persons on board a ship or vessel taken as prize or who unlawfully strips them of their clothes, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Unlawful taking or ransoming or prize. 66. Unlawful taking or ransoming or prize.Every commanding officer of a ship of the Indian Navy subject to naval law, who,- (a) by collusion with the enemy takes as prize any vessel, goods or thing; or (b) unlawfully agrees with any person for the ransoming of any vessel, goods or thing taken as prize; or (c) in pursuance of any unlawful agreement for ransoming or otherwise by collusion actually quits or restores any vessel, goods or thing taken as prize ; shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Breaking bulk on board a prize ship. 67. Breaking bulk on board a prize ship.Every person subject to naval law who breaks bulk on board any vessel taken as prize, or detained in the exercise of any belligerent right or under any law relating to piracy or to the slave trade or to the customs, with intent dishonestly to misappropriate anything 335 therein or belonging thereto, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Violation of the Act, regulations and orders. 68. Violation of the Act. regulations and orders.Every person subject to naval law who neglects to obey or contravenes any provisions of this Act or any regulation made under this Act or any general or local order, shall, unless other punishment is provided in this Act for such neglect or contravention, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Offences in relation to court-martial. 69. Offences in relation to court-martial.Every person subject to naval law, who,- (a) being duly summoned or ordered to attend as a witness before a court-martial wilfully or without reasonable excuse fails to attend; or (b) refuses to take an oath or make an affirmation legally required by a court-martial to be taken or made; or (c) being sworn, refuses to answer any questions which he is in law bound to answer; or (d) refuses to produce or deliver up a document in his power which the court may legally demand; or (e) is guilty of contempt of court-martial; shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Fraudulent entry. 70. Fraudulent entry.Every person who upon entry into or offering himself to enter the naval service wilfully makes or gives any false statement whether orally or in writing to any officer or person authorised to enter or enrol 1[sailors] or others in or for such naval service, shall, if he has become subject to naval law, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Escape from custody. 71. Escape from custody.Every person subject to naval law who being in lawful custody escapes or attempts to escape from such custody shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Failure to assist in detention of offenders. 72. Failure to assist in detention of offenders.Every person subject to naval law, who,- (a) does not use his utmost endeavours to detect, apprehend or bring to punishment all offenders against this Act; or ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s.2, for "seamen" ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 336 (b) does not assist the officers appointed for that purpose; shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Penalty for failure to attend by members of reserve forces whencalled up. 73. Penalty for failure to attend by members of reserve forces when called up.Every member of the Indian Naval Reserve Forces 1[and every person belonging to any auxiliary forces raised under this Act] who, when called up for training or when called up into actual service with the Indian Navy :in pursuance of the regulations made under this Act, and required by such call to join any ship or attend at any place, fails, without reasonable excuse to comply with such re- quirement, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Offences against good order and naval dicipline. 74. Offences against good order and naval dicipline.Every person subject to naval law who is guilty of an act, disorder, or neglect to the prejudice of good order and naval discipline, not hereinbefore specied, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Attempts. 75. Attempts. Every person subject to naval law who attempts to commit any of the offences specified in sections 34 to 74 and 76 and in such attempt does any act towards the commission of the offence shall, where no express provisions is made by this Act for the punishment of such attempt, be punished- (a) if the offence attempted to be committed is punishable with death, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to fourteen years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned and (b) if the offence attempted to be committed is punishable with imprisonment, with one-half of the maximum punishment provided for the offence or with such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Abetment of offenders. 76. Abetment of offenders.Any person subject to naval law who abets the commission of any of the offences specified in sections 34 to 74 shall, whether the act abetted is committed or not in consequence of the abetment, and where no express provision is made by this Act for the punishment of such abetment, be punished with the punishment provided for the offence. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 15. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 337

Civil offences.

77. Civil offences.(1) Every person subject to naval law who commits a civil offence punishable with death or with imprisonment for life shall be punished with the punishment assigned for that offence.

(2) Every person subject to naval law who commits any other civil offence shall be punished either with the punishment assigned for the offence or with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years or such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned.

Jurisdiction as to place and offences.

78. Jurisdiction as to place and offences.(1) Subject to the

provisions of sub-section (2), every person subject to naval law who is charged with a naval offence or a civil a offence may be tried and punished under this Act regardless of where the alleged offence was committed.

(2) A person subject to naval law who commits an offence of murder against a person not subject to army, naval or air force law or an offence of culpable homicide not amounting to murder against such person or an offence of rape in relation to such person shall not be tried and punished under this Act unless he commits any of the said offences- (a) while on active service; or (b) at any place outside India ; or (c) at any place specified by the Central Government by notification in this behalf.

Jurisdiction as to time. 79. Jurisdiction as to time.No person unless he is an offender who has avoided apprehension or fled from justice or committed the offence of desertion or a fraudulent entry or the offence of mutiny shall be tried or punished in pursuance of this Act for any offence committed by him unless such trial commences within three years from the commission of such offence : Provided that in the computation of the said period of three years any time during which an offender was outside India or any time during which he was a prisoner of war shall be deducted : Provided further that no trial for an offence of desertion other than desertion on active service or fraudulent entry shall be com- menced if the person in question not being an officer has subsequently to the commission of the offence served continuously in an exemplary manner for not less than three years in the Indian Navy. 338

Trial after a person ceases to be subject to naval law. 80. Trial after a person ceases to be subject to naval law.When any offence mentioned in this Chapter has been committed by any person while subject to naval law and such person has since the commission of the offence ceased to be subject to naval law, he may be taken into and kept in custody, tried and punished under this Act for such offence in like manner as he may have been taken into and kept in custody, tried and punished if he had continued subject to naval law: Provided that he shall not be tried for such offence except in the case of an offence of mutiny or desertion, unless the trial against him commences within six months after he has ceased to be so subject. CHAP PROVISIONS AS TO PUNISHMENTS CHAPTER IX PROVISIONS AS TO PUNISHMENTS

Punishment.

81. Punishment. (1) The following punishments may be inflicted under this Act, namely:- (a) death; (b) imprisonment which may be for the term of life or any other lesser term ; (c) dismissal with disgrace from the naval service; (d) detention ; (e) dismissal from the naval service; (f) forfeiture of seniority in rank in the case of officers 1[and master chief petty officers]; (g) forfeiture of time for promotion in the case of 2[officers below the rank of commander and master chief petty officers]; (h) dismissal from the ship to which the offender belongs; (i) 2[reduction in bank] in the case of 2[petty officers] and persons holding leading rates; (j) fine, in respect of civil offences; (k) mulcts of pay and allowances; (l) severe reprimand or reprimand; (m) forfeiture of pay, head money, bounty, salvage, prize money and allowances earned by, and all annuities, pensions, gratuities, medals and decorations granted to, the offender or of any one or more of the above particulars; also In the case of desertion, of all clothes and effects left by the deserter in the ship to which he belongs; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 48 of 1982, s.3. 2 Subs. by s.3, ibid. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 339 (n) such minor punishments as are inflicted according to the custom of the navy or may from time to time be prescribed.

(2) Each of the punishments specified in sub-section (1) shall be deemed to be inferior in degree to every punishment preceding it in the above scale.

Provisions as to award of punishment.

82. Provisions as to award of punishment.(1) The punishments that may be inflicted under this Act shall be awarded in accordance with the provisions of the following sub-sections.

(2) Except in the care of mutiny in time of war or on active service, the punishment of death shall not be inflicted on any offender until the sentence has been confirmed by the Central Government.

(3) The punishment of imprisonment for a term exceeding two years shall in all cases be accompanied by a sentence of dismissal with disgrace from the naval service.

(4) The punishment of imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years may in all cases be accompanied by a sentence of dismissal with disgrace or dismissal from the naval service : Provided that in the case of officers, unless the sentence of dismissal with disgrace is also awarded, such sentence of imprisonment shall involve dismissal from the naval service.

(5) The sentence of imprisonment may be rigorous or simple, or partly rigorous and partly simple.

(6) The sentence of dismissal with disgrace shall involve in all cases forfeiture of all pay, head money, bounty, salvage, prize money and allowances that have been earned by and of all annuities, pen- sions, gratuities, medals and decorations that may have been granted to the offender and an incapacity to serve Government again in a defence service, or a civil service, or to hold any post connected with defence or any civil post under the Government: Provided that the forfeiture of moneys shall not apply, except in the case of deserters, to moneys which should have been paid on the last pay day preceding conviction.

(7) The punishment of dismissal from the naval service shall in the case of persons who hold any lien on appointments in the regular Army or Air Force, involve dismissal from such army or air force service.

(8) The punishment of detention may be inflicted for any term not exceeding two years, but no sentence of detention shall be awarded 340 unless naval detention quarters or army or air force detention barracks, are in existence.

(9) The punishment of imprisonment or detention whether on board

ship or on shore shall subject to the provisions of sub-section (14), involve 2[reduction in Rank] in the case of a petty officer or a person holding a 2[Rank], and shall in all cases be accompanied by stoppage of pay leading and allowances during the term of imprisonment or detention: Provided that where the punishment awarded is detention for a term not exceeding fourteen days, the sentence may direct that the punishment shall not be accompanied by stoppage of pay and allowances during the term of detention.

(10) No officer shall be subject to detention.

(11) The punishment of forfeiture of seniority shall be imposed in the substantive rank held at the date of the sentence, and shall involve a corresponding forfeiture of seniority in every higher acting rank subject always to the condition that forfeiture of seniority in any rank shall in no case exceed the seniority in that rank at the date of the sentence.

(12) The punishment of forfeiture of seniority shall involve the loss of the benefit of service included in the seniority forfeited for the purposes of pay, pension, gratuity, promotion and such other purposes, as may be prescribed, provided that such pay, pension, gratuity and promotion and other purposes depend upon such service. 3[(12A). No master chief petty officer shall be subject to the punishment of forfeiture of seniority of more than twelve months.]

(13) The punishment of forfeiture of time for promotion shall delay the promotion by the time specified. 3[(13A) No master chief officer shall be subject to the punishment of forfeiture of time for promotion of more than twelve months.]

(14) No person shall be 2[reduced in rank] below the limits prescribed, or lower either actually or relatively than the 2[Rank] in which he entered or was appointed in the naval service.

(15) Mulcts of pay and allowances shall not be awarded except as

provided in sub-sections (16) and (17).

(16) Mulcts of pay and allowances shall be awarded in accordance with the regulations made under this Act on conviction of offences under section 51.

(17) Mulcts of pay may also be awarded to make good any proved loss or damage occasioned by the offence on which there is a convic- tion, and for the offence of drunkenness by 1[sailors]. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for "seamen". 2 Subs. by Act 48 of 1982, s.4. 3 Ins. by s.4, ibid. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 341

(18) The punishment of fine may be awarded in respect of civil offences in addition to, or in lieu of, other punishments specified in this Act.

(19) The forfeiture of moneys under clause (m) of sub-section (1) of section 81 shall not, except in case of desertion apply to moneys which should have been paid on the last pay day preceding conviction.

(20) All other punishments authorised by this Act may be inflicted in such manner as is heretofore in use in the naval service or as may be prescribed.

(21) Subject to the provisions of the foregoing sub-sections, where any punishment is specified by this Act as the penalty for an offence and it is further declared that "such other punishment as is hereinafter mentioned" may be awarded in respect of the same offence, the expression "such other punishment" shall be deemed to comprise any one or more of the punishments inferior in degree to the specified punishment according to the scale of punishments laid down in sub-

section (1) of section 81. CHAP ARREST CHAPTER X ARREST

Power to issue warrants of arrest.

83. Power to issue warrants of arrest.(1) The Chief of the Naval Staff, every officer in command of a fleet or squadron of ships of the Indian Navy or of any ship of the Indian Navy or the senior officer present at a port or an officer having by virtue of sub-

sections (2) and (3) of section 93 power to try offences, may, by warrant under his hand, authorise any person to arrest any offender subject to naval law for any offence triable under this Act mentioned in such warrant and any such warrant may include the names of more persons than one in respect of several offences of the same nature.

(2) Any person named in any such warrant as aforesaid may, forthwith on his arrest, if the warrant so directs, be taken to the ship of the Indian Navy to which he belongs or some other ship of the Indian Navy.

(3)A person authorised to arrest an offender may use such force as maybe necessary for the purpose of effecting such arrest.

(4)Where a warrant under sub-section (1) is issued to a police officer, the police officer shall take steps to execute the warrant and arrest the offender in like manner as if such warrant had been issued by a magistrate of competent jurisdiction and shall, as soon as may be, deliver the person when arrested into naval custody. 342

Arrest without warrant.

84. Arrest without warrant.(1) Any person subject to naval law may be ordered without warrant into naval custody by any superior officer for any offence triable under this Act.

(2) A person subject to naval law may arrest without warrant any other person subject to naval, law though he may be of a higher rank who in his view commits an offence punishable with death, or imprisonment for life or for a term which may extend to fourteen years.

(3) A provost-marshal may arrest any person subject to naval law in accordance with the provisions of section 89.

(4) It shall be lawful for the purpose of effecting arrest, or taking a person into custody, without warrant to use such force as may be necessary for the purpose.

Procedure and conditions of naval custody.

85. Procedure and conditions of naval custody.(1) No person subject to naval law who is arrested under this Act shall be detained in naval custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest.

(2) Every person subject to naval law who Is arrested and detained in naval custody shall be produced before his commanding officer or other officer prescribed in this behalf within a period of forty-eight hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to such commanding or other officer and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of such commanding or other officer.

Investigation after arrest. 86. Investigation after arrest.The charge made against any person subject to naval law taken into custody shall without any unnecessary delay be investigated by the proper authority and as soon as may be either proceedings shall be taken for the trial or such person shall be discharged from custody.

Duty to receive or keep in custody.

87. Duty to receive or keep in custody.(1) The commanding officer shall be responsible for the safe custody of every person who is in naval custody on board his ship or in his establishment.

(2) The officer or 1[sailor] in charge of a guard, or a provost- marshal shall receive and keep any person who is duly committed to his custody.

Procedure before trial. 88. Procedure before trial.Subject to the provisions of this Act, the procedure before trial and the manner of investigation shall be as prescribed. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for "seamen". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 342A

Provost-marshals.

89. Provost-marshals.(1) Provost-marshals may be appointed by the Chief of the Naval Staff or the prescribed officer.

(2) The duties of a provost-marshal are to take charge of persons in naval custody, to preserve good order and discipline and to prevent breaches of the same by persons subject to naval law or to the law in force relating to the government of the regular Army or the Air Force.

(3) A provost-marshal may at any time arrest and detain for trial any per-son subject to naval law who commits, or is charged with, an offence and may also carry into effect any punishment to be inflicted in pursuance of a sentence passed under this Act, but shall not inflict any punishment on his own authority : Provided that no officer shall be so arrested or detained otherwise than on the order of another officer.

(4) For the purpose of sub-sections (2) and (3), a provost- marshal shall be deemed to include a provost-marshal and any of his assistants appointed under the law in force relating to the government of the regular Army or the Air Force. CHAP CHARGE CHAPTER XI CHARGE

Joinder of charges. 90. Joinder of charges.For every distinct offence of which any person is accused, there shall be a separate charge but except as otherwise provided by regulations made under this Act all separate charges may be tried together.

Acts amounting to different offences. 91. Acts amounting to different offences.If a single act or series of acts is of such a nature that it is doubtful which of several offences the facts which can be proved will constitute, the accused may be charged with having committed all or any of such offences, and any number of such charges may be tried at one trial; or he may be charged in the alternative with having committed some one of the said offences.

Joinder of accused persons. 92. Joinder of accused persons.The following persons may be charged and tried together, namely:- (i) persons accused of the same offence committed in the course of the same transaction; (ii) persons accused of an offence and persons accused of abetment of, or an attempt to commit, such offence; and 342B (iii) persons accused of different offences committed in the course of the same transaction : Provided that in a trial by a court-martial, the trial judge advocate may, on the application made in this behalf by any accused, direct that each of the accused be tried separately by the same court- martial. CHAP AUTHORITIES HAVING POWER TO AWARD PUNISHMENTS CHAPTER XII AUTHORITIES HAVING POWER TO AWARD PUNISHMENTS

Power of court-martial and commanding officers to try offences. 93. Power of court-martial and commanding officers to try

offences.(1) An offence triable under this Act may be tried and punished by court-martial.

(2) An offence not capital which is triable under this Act and which is committed by a person other than an officer (and in cases by this Act expressly provided for when committed by an officer), may, subject to regulations made under this Act be summarily tried and punished by the commanding officer of the ship to which the offender belongs at the time either of the commission or of the trial of the offence, subject to the restriction that the commanding officer shall not have power to award imprisonment or detention for more than three months, or to award dismissal with disgrace from the naval service : Provided that no sentence of imprisonment or dismissal shall be carried into effect until approved by the prescribed authorities.

(3) The power by this section vested in a commanding officer of a ship may, subject to regulations made under this Act,- (a) as respects 1[sailors] on board a tender to the ship, be exercised in the case of a single tender absent from the ship, by the officer in command of such tender and in the case of two or more tenders absent from the ship in company or acting together, by the officer in immediate command of such tenders; (b) as respects 1[sailors] on board any boat belonging to the ship, be exercised when such boat is absent on detached service by the officer in command of the boat; (c) as respects 1[sailors] on detached service either on shore or otherwise, be exercised by the officer in immediate command of those persons; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2, for "seamen". ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 342c (d) as respects 1[sailors] quartered in naval barracks, be exercised by the officer in command of the barracks; (e) as respects 1[sailors] attached to or serving with anybody of the regular Army or the Air Force under prescribed conditions, be exercised by the commanding officer of any such body of the regular Army or the Air Force.

(4) The commanding officer of a ship or barracks may delegate the power of awarding punishments inferior in scale to dismissal, to other officers under his command in accordance with the regulations made under this Act.

Power of Central Government Chief of the Naval Staff and otherofficers to impose forefeiture of time or seniority. 94.Power of Central Government Chief of the Naval Staff and

other officers to impose forefeiture of time or seniority.(1) The Central Government may impose the punishment of forfeiture of time or seniority of not more than twelve months on 3[ any officer below the rank of Commander]

(2)The Chief of the Naval Staff may impose the punishment of forfeiture of time or seniority of not more than six months on 3[any officer below the rank of Commander] 4[(2A) The Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of a naval command may, subject to regulations made under this Act, impose on any below the rank of commander one or more of the following punishments, namely:- (a) forfeiture of seniority in rank of not more than three months; (b) forfeiture of time for promotion of not more than three months; (c) severe reprimand or reprimand.]

(3) The commanding officer of a ship may subject to regulations made under this Act impose the punishment of forfeiture of time or seniority of not more than three months on any subordinate officer.

(4) In imposing punishments under sub-sections(1),(2) and (2A)]3 shall not be necessary for the Central Government or the Chief of the Naval Staff, as the case may be, to hear the accused in person or by any friend or counsel.

2[(5) The commanding officer of a 3[ship] or the officer incharge of a naval academy may impose on any subordinate officer whilst under training such minor punishments, not higher than the punishment of severe reprimand or reprimand, as may, from time to time, be prescribed.]

Disciplinary courts when may be constituted. 95. Disciplinary courts when may be constituted.When an officer is, in time of war or during active service, alleged to have been guilty of a disciplinary offence, that is to say, of a breach of sections 41, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 68 and 74 or of any of those sections read with section 75 or 76, the officer having the power to order a court-martial may, if he considers the offence to be of such a character as not to necessitate trial by court-martial, in lieu of ordering a court-martial, order a disciplinary court constituted as hereinafter mentioned. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 53 of 1974, s. 2. for "seaman." 2 Ins. by s. 16, ibid. 3 Subs. by Act 48 of 1982, s.5. 4 Ins. by s.5, ibid. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 342D

Constitution and procedure of disciplinary courts.

96. Constitution and procedure of disciplinary courts.(1) A disciplinary court shall be composed of not less than three nor more than five officers; Provided that the majority of the officers including the President shall be officers of the executive branch of the naval service.

(2) At least one of these officers composing the court shall be superior in rank to the officer under trial and in any case shall be of the rank of substantive or acting commander or of a higher rank.

(3) A disciplinary court shall have power to impose any punish- ment inferior to detention in the scale hereinbefore contained, but no greater punishment.

(4) The officers composing the disciplinary court shall be named by the authority ordering the same or by an officer empowered in this behalf by such authority.

(5) Subject to the provisions of the foregoing sub-sections, the procedure and practice of courts-martial provided by or under this Act shall apply to the procedure and practice of disciplinary courts subject to such modifications as may be prescribed.

Constitution of courts-martial.

97. Constitution of courts-martial.(1) Courts-martial shall be constituted and convened subject to the provisions of the following sub-sections.

(2) The President, the Chief of the Naval Staff, or any officer empowered in this behalf by commission from the Chief of the Naval Staff shall have the power to order courts-martial for the trial of offences under this Act.

(3) Unless otherwise prescribed in respect of any specified port or station, an officer holding a commission from the Chief of the Naval Staff to order courts-martial shall not be empowered to do so if there is present at the place where such court-martial is to be held an officer superior in rank to himself and in command of one or more of the ships of the Indian Navy although such last mentioned officer may not hold a commission to order court martial and in such a case such last mentioned officer may order a court-martial although he does not hold a commission for the purpose.

(4) If an officer holding a commission from the Chief of the Naval Staff to order courts-martial, having the command of a fleet or squadron and being outside Indian waters die, be recalled, leave his station or be removed from his command, the officer upon whom the command of the fleet or squadron devolves and so from time to time the officer who shall have the command of the fleet or squadron, 342E shall without any commission from the Chief of the Naval Staff have the same power to order courts-martial as the first mentioned officer was invested with.

(5) If an officer holding a commission from the Chief of the Naval Staff to order courts-martial and having the command of any fleet or squadron of the Indian Navy outside Indian waters shall detach any part of such fleet or squadron, or separate himself from any part of such fleet or squadron he may by commission under his hand empower in the first mentioned case, the commanding officer of the squadron or detachment ordered on such separate service and in the case of his death or ceasing so to command, the officer to whom the command of such separate squadron or detachment shall belong, and in the second mentioned case, the senior officer of the ships of the Indian Navy on the division of the station from which he is absent, to order courts-martial during the time of such separate service or during his absence from that division of the station as the case may be, and every such authority shall continue in force until revoked or until the officer holding it returns to India or until he comes into the presence of a superior officer empowered to order courts-martial in the same squadron, detachment or division of station but so that such authority shall revive on the officer holding it ceasing to be in the presence of such a superior officer and so from time to time as often as the case so requires. 343

(6) A court-martial shall consist of not less than five nor more than nine officers.

(7) No officer shall be qualified to sit as a member of a court- martial unless- (a) he is subject to naval law, (b) he is an officer of the Indian Navy of the rank of lieutenant or higher rank, and (c) he is of or over twenty-one years of age.

(8) A prosecutor shall not be qualified to sit on the court- martial for the trial of the person he prosecutes.

(9) The officer ordering the court-martial, the officer who was the commanding officer of the ship to which the accused belonged at the time of the commission of the alleged offence and the officer investigating the offence shall not be qualified to sit on a court- martial for the trial of such accused.

(10) Subject to the provisions of sub-sections (7) to (9), officers of the Indian Navy shall be eligible to sit as members of a court-martial irrespective of the branch of the naval service to which they belong: Provided that- (a) the majority of the members of the court-martial, including the president, shall be officers of the executive branch of the naval service, and (b) at trials for offences against sections 34, 35, 55, 1[55A, 55C] and 56, officers other than officers of the executive branch of the naval service shall not be eligible to sit.

(11) A court-martial shall not be deemed to be duly constituted unless the members thereof are drawn from at least two ships not being tenders, and commanded by officers of the rank of lieutenant or higher rank.

(12) The president of a court-martial shall be named by the authority ordering the same or by any officer empowered by such authority to name the president.

(13) No court-martial for the trial of a flag officer shall be duly constituted unless the president is a flag officer and the other officers composing the court are of the rank of captain or of higher rank.

(14) No court-martial for the trial of a captain shall be duly constituted unless the president is a captain or of higher rank and ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 48 of 1982, s.6. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 344 the other officers composing the court are commanders or officers of higher rank.

(15) No court-martial for the trial of a commander shall be duly constituted unless the president is a commander or of higher rank and two other members are commanders or officers of higher rank.

(16) No court-martial for the trial of a person below the rank of commander shall be duly constituted unless the president is a substantive or acting commander or of higher rank.

(17) No commander or lieutenant-commander or lieutenant shall be required to sit as a member of a court-martial when four officers of higher rank and junior to the president can be assembled at the place where the court-martial is to be held, but the regularity or validity of any court-martial or of the proceedings thereof shall not be affected by any commander, lieutenant-commander or lieutenant being required to sit or sitting thereon under any circumstances and when any commander, lieutenant-commander or lieutenant sits on any court- martial, the members of it shall not exceed five.

(18) Members of the court-martial other than the president shall be appointed, subject to the provisions of the foregoing sub-sections,

in the manner provided in sub-section (19).

(19) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (11), the president shall summon all officers except such as are exempted under the

provisions of sub-section (20), next in seniority to himself present at the place where the court-martial shall be held, to sit thereon until the number of nine or such other number not less than five as is attainable is complete.

(20) The officer convening the court-martial or the senior naval officer present at the place where the court-martial is to be held, may exempt by writing under his hand conveyed to the president of the court-martial any officer from attending as member on ground of sickness or urgent public duty.

(21) In this section references to specified ranks of officers shall, unless otherwise stated, be deemed to be references to substantive ranks and to include references to equivalent ranks in all branches of the naval service.

(22) When the naval forces are on active service, officers of the Indian Naval Reserve Forces subject to naval law shall be eligible to sit as members of courts-martial on the same basis and under the same conditions as officers of the Indian Navy. 345 CHAP PROCEDURE CHAPTER XIII PROCEDURE Procedure of courts-martial

Where courts-martial to be held. 98. Where courts-martial to be held.A court-martial may be held ashore or afloat.

Trial judge advocate.

99. Trial judge advocate.(1) Every court-martial shall be attended by a person (in this Act referred to as the trial judge advocate) who shall be either a judge advocate in the department of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy or any fit person appointed by the convening officer: Provided that in the case of a court-martial for the trial of a capital offence the trial judge advocate shall be a person nominated by the Judge Advocate General of the Navy unless such trial is held outside Indian waters.

(2) The trial judge advocate shall administer oath to every witness at the trial and shall perform such other duties as are provided in this Act and as may be prescribed.

Courts-martial to be public. 100. Courts-martial to be public.The place in which a court- martial is held for the purpose of trying an offence under this Act shall be deemed to be an open court to which the public generally may have access, so far as the same can conveniently contain them: Provided that, if the court is satisfied that it is necessary or expedient in the public interest or for the ends of justice so to do, the court may at any stage of the trial of any particular case order that the public generally or any portion thereof or any particular person shall not have access to, or be or remain in, the place in which the court is held.

Commencement of proceedings.

101. Commencement of proceedings.(1) As soon as the court has been assembled the accused shall be brought before it and the prosecutor, the person or persons, if any, defending the accused and the audience admitted.

(2) Except where the accused defends himself, he may be defended by such person or persons as may be prescribed,

(3) The trial judge advocate shall read out the warrant for assembling the court and the names of officers who are exempted 346

from attending under sub-section (20) of section 97 together with the reasons for such exemption.

(4) The trial judge advocate shall read out the names of the officers composing the court and shall ask the prosecutor whether he objects to any of them.

(5) If the prosecutor shall have made no objection or after any objection made by the prosecutor has been disposed of, the trial judge advocate shall ask the accused if he objects to any member of the court.

Objections to members. 102. Objections to members.The following provisions shall apply to the disposal of objections raised by the prosecutor as well as the accused:- (a) any member may be objected to on a ground which affects his competency to act as an impartial judge; and the trial judge advocate may reject summarily without reference to the members of the court any objection not made on such ground; (b) objections to members shall be decided separately, those to the officer lowest in rank being taken first: provided that if the objection is to the president, such objection shall be decided first and all the other members whether objected to or not shall vote as to the disposal of the objection ; (c) on an objection being allowed by one-half or more of the officers entitled to decide the objection, the member objected to shall at once retire and his place shall be filled up before an objection against another member is taken up ; (d) should the president be objected to and the objection be allowed, the court shall adjourn until a new president has been appointed by the convening authority or by the officer empowered in this behalf by the convening authority ; and (e) should a member be objected to on the ground of being summoned as a witness, and should it be found that the objection has been made in good faith and that the officer is to give evidence as to facts and not merely as to character, the objection shall be allowed. 347

Further objections.

103.Further objections. (1) The trial judge advocate shall then ask the accused whether he has any further objections to make respecting the constitution of the court ; and should the accused raise any such objection, it shall then be decided by the court, which decision shall be final and the constitution of the court-martial shall not be afterwards impeached and it shall be deemed in all respects to have been duly constituted.

(2) If the accused should have no further objection to make to the constitution of the court or if any objection is disallowed, the members and the trial judge advocate shall then make an oath or affirmation in the form set out in section 104.

Administering oath or affirmation.

104.Administering oath or affirmation. (1) Before the court shall proceed to try the person charged, an oath or affirmation in the following form and manner shall be administered to the president and every member of the court-martial in the order of their seniority by the trial judge advocate: - "I..................................... ..... . . . do swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment administer justice according to law, without fear or favour, affection or illwill, and that I will not on any account at any time whatsoever disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any particular member of this court-martial unless thereunto required in due course of law."

(2) The trial judge advocate shall then be sworn or affirmed by the president in the following form:- "I.......................................... .. . do swear in the name of God / solemnly affirm that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office according to law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will, and that I will not upon any account at any time whatsoever disclose or discover the vote or opinion of any particular member of this court-martial unless thereunto required in due course of law."

Arraignment.

105.Arraignment. (1) When the court is ready to commence the trial. the trial judge advocate shall read out the charges and shall ask the accused whether he pleads guilty or not guilty. 348

(2) If the accused pleads guilty, then, before such plea is recorded, the trial judge advocate shall ensure that the accused understands the charge to which he has pleaded guilty and the difference of procedure which will result from the plea of guilty.

(3) If it appears from the accused's replies, or from the summary of evidence prepared in the prescribed manner that he should not plead guilty, the trial judge advocate may advise the accused to withdraw his plea.

(4) If the court accepts the plea of guilty, it shall be recorded as the finding of the court and the court shall proceed to take steps to pass sentence unless there are other charges to be tried in which event the sentence shall be deferred until after the findings on such charges are given. 106 Opening of prosecution case.

106. Opening of prosecution case.(1) If the accused pleads not guilty or refuses to, or does not, plead or if he claims to be tried

or if in the circumstances mentioned in sub-section (3) of section 105 withdraws the plea of guilty or if the court does not accept the plea of guilty, the court shall proceed to try the accused.

(2) The prosecutor shall open his case by reading the circum- stantial letter prepared in accordance with the regulations made under this Act, reading from this Act or the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) or other law the description of the offence charged and stating shortly by what evidence he expects to prove the guilt of the accused.

(3) The prosecutor shall then examine his witnesses.

Calling prosecution witness not in the original list. 107. Calling prosecution witness not in the original list.No witness whose name was not included in the original list of witnesses supplied to the trial judge advocate and the accused in accordance with regulations made under this Act shall be called by the prosecutor unless the trial judge advocate has given notice to the accused of the prosecutor's intention to call such witness and has supplied the accused with a summary of the evidence of such witness.

Swearing of interpreter and shorthand-writer.

108. Swearing of interpreter and shorthand-writer.(1) At any time during the trial, should the court think it necessary, an impartial person may be employed to serve as an interpreter and sworn or affirmed as such in the following manner:- swear in the name of God "I ................ ..... . .. do ------------------------ solemnly affirm that I will to the best of my ability truly interpret and 349 translate as I will be required to do touching the matter before this court-martial."

(2) During the trial, an impartial person shall be employed as a shorthand-writer and duly sworn or affirmed as such in the following manner: - swear in the name of God " I ........................... do ------------------------ solemnly affirm that I will truly take down to the best of my power the evidence to be given before this court-martial and such other matters as I will be required, and when required, will deliver to the court a true transcript of the same."

Objection to interpreter or shorthand-wirter.

109. Objection to interpreter or shorthand-wirter.(1) Before any person is sworn or affirmed as an interpreter or a shorthand-writer, the accused shall be asked if he objects to such person as not being impartial and the court shall decide the objection.

(2) The evidence given by a witness shall be read over to him by the shorthand-writer before the witness leaves the court, if so required by the court or the witness.

Swearing of witnesses.

110. Swearing of witnesses.(1) No witness shall be examined until he has been duly sworn or affirmed in the following manner:- swear in the name of God "I ............................ do ------------------------ solemnly affirm that the evidence which I shall give before this court shall be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth."

(2) Every person giving evidence on oath or affirmation before a court-martial shall be bound to state the truth.

Plea of no case and defence of accused.

111. Plea of no case and defence of accused.(1) When the examination of the witnesses for the prosecution is concluded, the accused shall be called on for his defence.

(2) Before entering on his defence, the. accused may raise a plea of no case to answer.

(3) If such a plea is raised, the court will decide the plea after hearing the accused and the prosecutor and the advice of the trial judge advocate.

(4) If the court accepts the plea, the accused shall be acquitted on the charge or charges in respect whereof the plea has been accepted. 350

(5) If the court overrules the plea, the accused shall be called upon to enter on his defence.

(6) The trial judge advocate shall then inform the accused that he may give evidence as a witness on his own behalf should he desire to do so and should he make a request in writing to do so, but that he will thereby render himself liable to cross-examination.

(7) If the accused does not apply to give evidence, he may make a statement as to the facts of the case, and if he has no defence witnesses to examine as to facts, the prosecutor may sum up his case and the accused shall be entitled to reply.

(8) If the accused or any one of the several accused applies to give evidence and there are no other witnesses in the case for the defence, other than witnesses as to character, then the evidence of such accused shall be recorded and if the accused so desires the witnesses as to character shall be examined and the prosecutor shall then sum up his case and the accused may reply.

(9) If the accused or any one of the accused adduces any oral evidence as to facts other than his own evidence, if any, the accused may then sum up his case on the conclusion of that evidence and the prosecutor shall be entitled to reply.

Adjournment to view.

112. Adjournment to view.(1) Whenever the court thinks that it should view the place in which the offence charged is alleged to have been committed or any other place in which any other transaction material to the trial is alleged to have occurred, the court shall make an order to that effect and may then adjourn to the place to be viewed, along with the prosecutor and the accused and the person, if any, by whom the accused is represented.

(2) The court on completion of the view shall adjourn and reassemble in the court room.

Summing up by the trial judge advocate. 113. Summing up by the trial judge advocate.When the case for the defence and the prosecutor's reply, if any, are concluded, the trial judge advocate shall proceed to sum up in open court the evidence for the prosecution and the defence and lay down the law by which the court is to be guided.

Duties of the trial judge advocate.

114. Duties of the trial judge advocate.(1) At all trials by courts-martial it is the duty of the trial judge advocate to decide all questions of law arising in the course of the trial, and specially all questions as to the relevancy of facts which it is proposed to prove and the admissibility of evidence or 351 the propriety of the questions asked by or on behalf of the parties; and in his discretion to prevent the production of inadmissible evidence whether it is or is not objected to by the parties.

(2) Whenever in the course of a trial it appears desirable to the trial judge advocate that arguments and evidence as to the admis- sibility of evidence or arguments in support of an application for separate trials or on any other points of law should not be heard in the presence of the court, he may advise the president of the court accordingly and the president shall thereupon make an order for the court to retire or direct the trial judge advocate to hear the arguments in some other convenient place.

Duties of the court. 115. Duties of the court.It is the duty of the court to decide which view of the facts is true and then arrive at the finding which under such view ought to be arrived at.

Retirement to consider finding.

116. Retirement to consider finding.(1) After the trial judge advocate has finished his summing up, the court will be cleared to consider the finding.

(2) The trial judge advocate shall not sit with the court when the court is considering the finding, and no person shall speak to or hold any communication with the court while the court is considering the finding.

Announcement of the finding.

117. Announcement of the finding.(1) When the court has considered the finding, the court A shall be reassembled and the president shall inform the trial judge advocate in open court what is the finding of the court as ascertained in accordance with section

(2) The court shall give its findings on all the charges on which the accused is tried.

Drawing up of the finding.

118. Drawing up of the finding.(1) The trial judge advocate shall then draw up the finding as announced by the court.

(2) The finding so drawn up shall be signed by all the members of the court by way of attestation notwithstanding any difference of opinion there may have been among the members and shall be countersigned by the trial judge advocate.

(3) Where the finding on any charge is one of not guilty the court shall acquit the accessed of that charge.

(4) If the accused is acquitted of all the charges, the court

shall, after signing the findings as provided in sub-section (2), be dissolved. 352

(5) Neither the court nor the trial judge advocate shall announce in open court whether the finding was unanimous or not; but the president shall make a record of the division of voting on each finding without disclosing the vote or opinion of any particular member of the court-martial and such record shall be communicated to the trial judge advocate for transmission to the Judge Advocate General of the Navy.

Evidence of character and previous convictions.

119. Evidence of character and previous convictions.(1) If the accused is found guilty on any or all of the charges, the court before awarding punishment may call evidence as to the previous character and qualifications of the accused and in addition to any oral eviden